Section 10: Aggression

Question 1

Aggression:

Answer 1

behavior intended to injure another person

Question 2

4 types of aggression:

Answer 2

1. indirect
2. direct
3. emotional
4. instrumental

Question 3

indirect aggression=

Answer 3

intended to hurt without face to face confrontation

Question 4

direct =

Answer 4

face to face

Question 5

emotional=

Answer 5

hurtful behavior and feeling anger

Question 6

instrumental =

Answer 6

hurting someone to accomplish a non-aggressive goal

Question 7

Freud Instinct Theory: 2 opposing instincts =

Answer 7

1. death = desire to escape stressor through self destruction
2. life = to protect ourselves

Question 8

Instinct theory unscientific why?

Answer 8

Cannot test instincts, not scientifically proven

Question 9

How do evolutionary psychologists explain aggression?

Answer 9

survival of one’s genes carried on

-survival of the fittestt

Question 10

Why are evolutionary theories not a full explanation for aggression?

Answer 10

• It’s a way to survive but there are other ways
• aggression might only happen if humans are responding to threats
• Aggression could be nurtured

Question 11

How are hormones and aggression related?

Answer 11

Testosterone: increased test. leads to increased aggressiom

-dominant behavior, control status

Question 12

Social Learning theory:

Answer 12

behavior is learned by observing others and through direct experience with rewards and punishments

Question 13

Bandura, Ross, and Ross: role models

Answer 13

• The children who saw the aggressive role model played in a aggressive way
  - Creativity with gun/tether ball
• Boys and girls = did not matter if on TV or not

Question 14

Learning Performance distinction =

Answer 14

Just because you learn something does not mean you’re going to do it = have to have motivation

Question 15

How might Violent video games contribute to aggression

Answer 15

The more you play violent game/movies = higher chance of aggression

Question 16

-Frustration-aggression theory (Dollard et al., 1939).

Answer 16

When people are unexpectedly frustrated when cannot/blocked achieve goal, they pursue aggression

Question 17

3 limitations of the frustration-aggression theory:

Answer 17

1. -Frustration does not always produce aggression.
   • No, not when obstacle that results in frustration is seen as justified, unintentional, or unavoidable.
2. • Not all aggression originate from frustration,
   not instrumental aggression
3. • Catharsis does not always reduce motivation to aggress.
   No, if aggressive intent remains, aggression can occur again.

Question 18

Reformulated F-A Hypothesis

Berkowitz (1989, 1993):

Answer 18

Frustration is linked to emotional aggression, not instrumental

Question 19

Excitation transfer theory

• Zillmann & Bryant (1984)

Answer 19

• ANY physiological arousal can cause aggression
• Arousal-affect model: experience negative emotion
• Depends on Intensity of physiological arousal and type of emotion one is experiencing

Question 20

Personality and aggression

• Type A vs. Type B personality

Answer 20

• Type A at work: urgent and competitive, higher risk for heart disease, more conflicts in work place
• Conflicts with subordinates
• Less accommodating
• Drive more aggressively
• Road rage

Question 21

Cognitive neoassociation theory (Berkowitz, 1993):

Answer 21

• The role of the situation: any unpleasant experience leads to negative emotions, these emotions can activate aggressive thoughts if situation primes those thoughts Ex. Violent movies, porn
• Unpleasant experience  negative emotions
• Does the situation prime aggression? Yes
• Aggression activated + negative emotions = aggressive behavior more likely to happen