Section 4 - Assessment

Question 1

What are the general purposes of conducting physiological assessments?

Answer 1

To collect baseline data to help fitness professionals develop personalized exercise programs.

Question 2

What is the PAR-Q+?

Answer 2

An appropriate minimal screening tool for conducting a Health Risk Assessment (HRA).

Question 3

What additional information should fitness professionals gather using a HHQ?

Answer 3

Information about a client’s medical history and lifestyle habits.

Question 4

What does a HHQ include?

Answer 4

Medical history (e.g., injuries, surgeries, medications, chronic disease) and lifestyle habits (e.g., exercise, diet, sleep, stress, occupation).

Question 5

What do resting and exercising heart rate and blood pressure responses indicate?

Answer 5

They provide valuable information pertaining to health risks and training adaptations.

Question 6

Which anatomical location does NASM recommend for measuring a client’s RHR?

Answer 6

Radial pulse.

Question 7

How is blood pressure (BP) defined?

Answer 7

The outward pressure exerted by blood on the arterial walls.

Question 8

What is considered a normal BP reading?

Answer 8

Less than 120/80 mm Hg.

Question 9

What is anthropometry?

Answer 9

The field of study of the measurement of living humans for understanding physical variation in size, weight, and proportion.

Question 10

What types of anthropometric measures exist?

Answer 10

Body fat assessments, BMI, and circumference measurements.

Question 11

What is the significance of anthropometric measurements?

Answer 11

They provide useful information related to predicting a client’s risk for mortality and morbidity.

Question 12

What are some methods for measuring a client’s body fat percentage?

Answer 12

Underwater weighing, skinfold measurements, and bioelectrical impedance analysis.

Question 13

Which method of body fat measurement is considered the most popular in fitness facilities?

Answer 13

Bioelectrical impedance.

Question 14

What do cardiorespiratory assessments help fitness professionals identify?

Answer 14

Safe and effective starting exercise intensities and appropriate modes of cardiorespiratory exercise.

Question 15

Name examples of cardiorespiratory assessments.

Answer 15

V Omax testing, YMCA 3-minute step test, Rockport walk test, and 1.5 mile run test.

Question 16

What is considered the gold standard for identifying a client’s level of cardiorespiratory fitness?

Answer 16

V Omax testing.

Question 17

What is a key requirement for conducting V Omax testing?

Answer 17

Specialized equipment and training.

Question 18

What is the talk test?

Answer 18

An informal cardiorespiratory assessment used to gauge the intensity of cardiorespiratory activity based on the client’s ability to hold a conversation.

Question 19

What is the VT1 test?

Answer 19

An incremental test performed on any device (e.g., treadmill, bike) that gradually progresses in intensity level and relies on the interpretation of how a person talks to determine a specific event at which the body’s metabolism undergoes a significant change.

Question 20

What is the purpose of the VT1 test?

Answer 20

To estimate the intensity where the body is using a balance of fuels (i.e., 50% fat, 50% carbohydrates).

Question 21

What does the VT talk test measure?

Answer 21

The intensity where the body can work at its highest sustainable steady-state intensity for more than a few minutes.

Question 22

What is a contraindication?

Answer 22

A specific situation where a medication, procedure, or exercise should be avoided because it may prove to be harmful to the individual.

Question 23

What is the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+)?

Answer 23

A detailed questionnaire designed to assess an individual’s physical readiness to engage in structured exercise.

Question 24

What is the Health History Questionnaire (HHQ)?

Answer 24

A questionnaire with lists of questions that pertain to health history and habits, such as exercise history, eating behaviors, and general lifestyle.

Question 25

How should fitness professionals measure a client's heart rate?

Answer 25

By measuring the client's radial pulse for accuracy, safety, and ease of administration.

Question 26

What is Body Mass Index (BMI)?

Answer 26

The measurement of a person's weight relative to his or her height, which is used to estimate the risks of obesity.

Question 27

What is the metric formula for calculating BMI?

Answer 27

BMI = weight (kg) / [height (m)]^2

Question 28

What is the imperial formula for calculating BMI?

Answer 28

BMI = (703 × weight (lbs)) / [height (in)]^2

Question 29

What is Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)?

Answer 29

A body composition assessment technique that estimates body fat percentage by measuring the resistance to the flow of electrical currents introduced into the body.

Question 30

What are the BMI classifications and ranges?

Answer 30

Underweight: BMI < 18.5 Healthy weight: BMI 18.5-24.9 Overweight: BMI 25.0-29.9

Question 31

The normal blood pressure range is: less than _/_ mm HG

Answer 31

Normal (healthy): Less than 120/80 mm Hg

Question 32

What does waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) represent?

Answer 32

WHR is the ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference, correlating to the risk for developing cardiovascular disease.

Question 33

What are the WHR classifications for men?

Answer 33

Low: 0.95 or lower, Moderate: 0.96-1.0, High: 1.0 or higher.

Question 34

What are the WHR classifications for women?

Answer 34

Low: 0.80 or lower, Moderate: 0.81-0.85, High: 0.86 or higher.

Question 35

What sites are measured in the Jackson and Pollock seven-site measurement for men?

Answer 35

Chest, mid-axillary, subscapular, triceps, abdomen, suprailiac, thigh.

Question 36

What sites are measured in the Jackson and Pollock seven-site measurement for women?

Answer 36

Chest, mid-axillary, subscapular, triceps, abdomen, suprailiac, thigh.

Question 37

What sites are measured in the Jackson and Pollock three-site measurement for men?

Answer 37

Chest, abdomen, thigh.

Question 38

What sites are measured in the Jackson and Pollock three-site measurement for women?

Answer 38

Triceps, suprailiac, thigh.

Question 39

What sites are measured in the Durnin-Womersley four-site measurement?

Answer 39

Biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac for both men and women.

Question 40

What is the purpose of assessing static posture?

Answer 40

To identify three postural distortions: pes planus distortion syndrome, upper crossed syndrome, and lower crossed syndrome.

Question 41

What characterizes pes planus distortion syndrome?

Answer 41

Flat feet, knee valgus, and internally rotated and adducted hips.

Question 42

What characterizes lower crossed syndrome?

Answer 42

Anterior pelvic tilt and excessive lordosis of the lumbar spine.

Question 43

What characterizes upper crossed syndrome?

Answer 43

Forward head and protracted shoulders.

Question 44

What is the purpose of the OHSA?

Answer 44

To evaluate dynamic posture, core stability, and neuromuscular control during a squatting motion.

Question 45

What should be noted during the OHSA?

Answer 45

All movement impairments to identify potential muscle imbalances.

Question 46

What should be observed from the anterior view during the OHSA?

Answer 46

Feet turning out or knees caving in.

Question 47

What should be observed from the lateral view during the OHSA?

Answer 47

Low-back arching, excessive forward lean of the torso, or arms falling forward.

Question 48

Who should use the single-leg squat assessment?

Answer 48

Clients who have performed well in the OHSA or if the trainer is considering single-leg exercises for the clients program

Question 49

What do pushing and pulling assessments evaluate?

Answer 49

They evaluate the function of the upper extremity and concurrent core stability.

Question 50

What should be observed during pushing or pulling assessments?

Answer 50

Look for movement impairments such as low-back arching, shoulders elevating, or head jutting forward.

Question 51

What do performance assessments measure?

Answer 51

They measure maximal strength, power, muscular endurance, and speed and agility.

Question 52

What does the push-up test measure?

Answer 52

The push-up test measures muscular endurance of the upper extremities during a pushing movement.

Question 53

What do the bench press and squat strength assessments measure?

Answer 53

They measure maximal strength capabilities.

Question 54

Who are bench press and squat assessments suitable for?

Answer 54

These tests are advanced assessments for strength-specific goals and may not be suitable for clients with limited resistance training experience.

Question 55

What do the vertical jump and long jump assessments measure?

Answer 55

They measure lower-body power.

Question 56

What is the LEFT test designed to assess?

Answer 56

The LEFT test is designed to test lateral speed and agility.

Question 57

What does the 40-yard dash assessment evaluate?

Answer 57

It evaluates reaction capabilities, acceleration, and maximal sprinting speed.

Question 58

What does the pro shuttle (5-10-5) test assess?

Answer 58

It assesses acceleration, deceleration, agility, and control.

Question 59

What is important about the sequence of assessments?

Answer 59

All assessments need to be sequenced in a specific order to guarantee accurate results.

Question 60

What types of assessments should be conducted first?

Answer 60

Nonfatiguing assessments, such as preparticipation health screening and physiological and body composition assessments, should be conducted first.

Question 61

What caution should fitness professionals take with assessments?

Answer 61

They should use caution with certain populations, such as overweight or obese, youths, older adults, and prenatal clients, who may need to modify or avoid certain assessments.

Question 62

Why might some assessments not be applicable?

Answer 62

Some assessments may not relate to the client's goals or could pose safety concerns.

Question 63

describe the static position of the ankle joints associated with pes planus distortion syndrome.

Answer 63

pes planus (collapsed arch)

Question 64

describe the static position of the knee joints associated with pes planus distortion syndrome.

Answer 64

Valgus and internally rotated

Question 65

describe the static position of the hip joints associated with pes planus distortion syndrome.

Answer 65

Adducted and internally rotated.

Question 66

What are potential overactive muscles associated with lower crossed syndrome?

Answer 66

Hip flexors and lumbar extensors (low-back muscles)

Question 67

What are potential underactive muscles associated with lower crossed syndrome?

Answer 67

Gluteus maximus and medialis, hamstring complex, and abdominals

Question 68

Name three potential overactive muscles associated with pes planus distortion syndrome

Answer 68

The Gastrocnemius and soleus, the adductor complex, and the hip flexors. Also known as the Calves, inner thighs, and hip flexors

Question 69

Name two potential underactive muscles associated with pes planus distortion syndrome

Answer 69

Anterior and posterior tibialis and the gluteus maximus and medius. Also known as the Shin muscles and Glute muscles

Question 70

describe the static position of the hip joints when associated with lower crossed syndrome

Answer 70

Flexed

Question 71

describe the static position of the pelvis when associated with lower crossed syndrome

Answer 71

Anterior pelvic tilt

Question 72

describe the static position of the lumbar spine when associated with lower crossed syndrome

Answer 72

Excessive lordosis (extension)

Question 73

What are the three overactive muscles associated with low – back arches in an overhead squat assessment

Answer 73

Hip flexors, lumbar extensors, latissimus dorsi (large back muscle)

Question 74

What are the three underactive muscles associated with low – back arches in an overhead squat assessment

Answer 74

Gluteus Maximus , hamstrings complex, abdominals

Question 75

What are the three overactive muscles associated with excessive forward trunk lean in an overhead squat assessment

Answer 75

Hip flexors, calves, abdominals

Question 76

What are the three underactive muscles associated with excessive forward trunk lean in an overhead squat assessment

Answer 76

Gluteus Maximus, hamstrings, lumbar extensors

Question 77

What are the three overactive muscles associated with arms falling forward in an overhead squat assessment

Answer 77

Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major and minor (chest muscles), teres major (posterior shoulder muscles)

Question 78

What are the four underactive muscles associated with arms falling forward in an overhead squat assessment

Answer 78

Middleand lower trapezius (mid-back muscle), rhomboids (muscles near shoulder blades), posterior deltoids (back of shoulder muscles), and portions of the rotator cuff (small muscles that stabilize the shoulder)

Question 79

What are the two overactive muscles associated with feet turn out in an overhead squat assessment

Answer 79

Calves and hamstrings

Question 80

What are the two underactive muscles associated with feet turn out in an overhead squat assessment

Answer 80

Anterior and posterior tibias (shin muscles) and gluteus Maximus and medius

Question 81

What are the two overactive muscles associated with knee valgus (knees cave in) in an overhead and single-leg squat assessment

Answer 81

Tensor fascia latae (TFL) (muscle near front of hip) and adductor complex

Question 82

What are the two underactive muscles associated with knee valgus (knees cave in) in an overhead and single-leg squat assessment

Answer 82

Gluteus Maximus and medius and anterior and posterior tibialis

Question 83

What are the two overactive muscles associated with knee valgus (knees cave in) in an overhead squat assessment

Question 84

What are the two overactive muscles associated with scapular elevation in a pushing assessment or pulling assessment

Answer 84

Levator scapulae (posterior neck muscles) and upper trapezius

Question 85

What underactive muscle is associated with scapular elevation in a pushing assessment or pulling assessment

Answer 85

Lower trapezius

Question 86

What are the two overactive muscles associated with head jutting forward in a pushing assessment or pulling assessment

Answer 86

levator scapulae and sternocleidomastoid (anterior neck muscles)

Question 87

What underactive muscle is associated with head jutting forward in a pushing assessment or pulling assessment

Answer 87

Deep cervical flexors