Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AQA A-Level Psychology > Section 4 : Psychopathology - Depression, Phobias, OCD > Flashcards

Section 4 : Psychopathology - Depression, Phobias, OCD Flashcards

(57 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what do psychologists try to do to mental disordersq

A

they try to classify them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is used to classify disorders

A

the DSM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does the DSM classify disorders

A

using defined diagnostic criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does defined diagnostic criteria refer to

A

a list of symptoms which can be used a tool for diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the DSM attempts to make diagnosis ….

A

concrete and descriptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do classifications allow for

A

allows data to be collected about a disorder and can help in the development in new treatments and medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why are classifications criticised

A

it is criticised for stigmatising people and ignoring their ‘uniqueness’ by putting them in an artificial group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

depression is an example of what

A

a mood disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mood disorders are characterised by what

A

strong emotions which can influence a person’s ability to function normally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do mood disorders effect

A

can affect a persons perceptions, thinking and behvaiour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

depression is one of the most common mood disorders. name two types of depression

A

major depresion (unipolar disorder)
manic depression (bipolar disorder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is major depression

A
  • an episode of depression that can occur suddenly
  • can be reactive - caused by external factors e.g. death of a loved one
  • can be endogenous - caused by internal factors e.g. neurological factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is manic depression

A
  • alternation between two mood extremes (mania and depression)
  • the change in mood often occurs in regular cycles of days or weeks
  • episodes of mania involve overactivity, rapid speech and feeling extremely happy or agitated
  • episodes of depressions involve physical, cognitive and affective symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

people with depression can experience a range of possible symptoms what are they

A

-physical/behavioural symptoms
-affective/emotional symptoms
-cognitive symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the physical symptoms of depression

A
  • sleep disturbances
  • change in appetite
  • pain
  • lack of activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are diseases linked to sleep disturbances

A

insomnia or hypersomnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are diseases linked to change in appetite

A

not necessarily diseases but can lead to it:
- eating more or less than usual
- gaining or losing weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what diseases are linked to pain

A

not necessarily diseases but can lead to it:
- headaches, joint aches and muscle aches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what diseases are linked to lack of activity

A

not necessarily diseases but can lead to it:
- social withdrawal
- loss of sex drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are affective symptoms of depression

A
  • extreme feelings of sadness, hopelessness and despair
  • diurnal mood variation
  • anhedonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is anhedonia

A

no longer enjoying activities or hobbies that used to be pleasureable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are diurnal mood variations

A

changes in mood throughout the day e.g. feeling worse in the morning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what the cognitive symptoms of depression

Study These Flashcards
A
  • experiencing persistent negative beliefs about themselves and their abilities
  • sucidal thoughts
  • slower thought processes (difficulty concentrating and making decisions
24
Q

what is a phobia

Study These Flashcards
A

an extreme irrational fear of a particular object or situation

25
what are the types of phobia
- specific phobias - agoraphobias - social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
26
what do specific phobias refer to
a fear of a specific object/s or situations
27
what are the five subtypes of specific phobias
-animal type -environmental dangers type - blood-injection injury type -situational type -other type
28
examples of animal type phobia
also called zoophobia e.g. the fear of spiders
29
examples of environmental dangers type phobia
e.g. fear of water
30
examples of blood-injection injury type phobias
e.g. fear of needles
31
examples of situational type phobias
e.g. fear of enclosed spaces or heights etc.
32
what is agoraphobia
- this is a fear of open spaces e.g. using public transport etc. - specifically linked to the fear of not being able to escape or find help if an embarrassing situation arises - often involves the sufferer avoiding the situation in order to avoid distress - may develop as a result of other phobias as the sufferer is afraid they'll come across the sources of their fear if they leave the house
33
what is social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
- fear of being in social situations - e.g. eating in public talking in front of people etc. - usually down to the possibility of being judged or being embarrassed
34
what are the cognitive symptoms of phobias
- irrational beliefs about the stimulus that causes fear - hard to concentrate because they are preoccupied by anxious thoughts
35
what are the behavioural symptoms of phobias
- avoiding social situations - cause anxiety especially to people with agoraphobia or social anxiety disorder -altering behaviour to avoid the feared object or situation -trying to escape if feared object/situation is encountered -often feel generally restless and easily startled
36
what are the physical symptoms of phobias
-activation of fight or flight response when feared object o situation is encountered -involves release of adrenaline, increased HR and breathing, muscle tension
37
what are the emotional symptoms of phobias
-anxiety -feeling of dread
38
what is the criteria used to classify a phobia according to the DSM
- significant prolonged fear of an object - people experience an anxiety response if they are exposed to the phobic stimulus - phobias are out of proportion to any danger - sufferers go out of their way to avoid the phobic stimulus - the phobia disrupts their lives (avoid social situations
39
what are the two parts of OCD
- obsession - compulsion most people with OCD experience compulsions and obsessions
40
give an example of OCD and how the obsession is linked to the compulsion
excessive worrying about catching germs may lead to excessive hand-washing
41
what is the cognitive aspect of OCD
obsessions
42
what is the behvaioural aspect of OCD
compulsions
43
what is the emotional aspect of OCD
obsessions tend to cause people anxiety and their compulsions are an attempt to relieve this
44
what % of the worlds populaation does OCD affect
2%
45
when do sufferers of OCD develop the disorder
in their late teens or early 20's. the disorder occurs equally in men and women and all in their ethnic groups
46
What are obsessions
- Cognitive part of OCD - Intrusive and persistent thoughts, images and impulses - They are the internal aspect of OCD
47
What is the criteria used to classify an obsession
- Persistent reoccurring thought, images, impulses that are unwanted and cause distress to the person - Person actively tries to ignore the thoughts, images or impulses but is unable to - the obsessions have not been caused by other physiological substances e.g. drugs
48
What are compulsions
- Physical, mental repetitive actions - External aspect of OCD
49
Give an example of compulsions
Checking the door is locked nine time etc.
50
What is the problem with compulsions
The problem with compulsions is that the action reduces anxiety cause by an obsession for a short time meaning the obsession starts up again
51
How does the DSM classify a compulsion
- Person repeats physical behaviour or mental acts that relate to an obsession - compulsions are meant to reduce anxiety or prevent a feared situation in reality they’re excessive or wouldn’t actually stop a dreaded situation - compulsions have not been caused by other physiological substances such as drugs
52
What are the indications of OCD
-If the obsessions or compulsions last at least one hour each day -if the obsessions and compulsions interfere with a persons ability to maintain a relationship, hold down a job or take part in social activities
53
What are the types of OCD behaviours
- Checking - Contamination - Hoarding - Symmetry and orderliness
54
What is does the checking type of OCD behaviour include
Includes checking that the lights are off or that you have your purse or wallet
55
What does the contamination type of OCD include
This involves a fear of catching germs by going to a restaurant, touching door handles, shaking hands or using public toilets
56
What does the hoarding type of OCD involved
Keeping useless or worn-out objects such as old newspapers or junk mail
57
What does symmetry and orderliness type of OCD include
Getting objects lined up ‘just right’ such as having all the tins in your food cupboard facing exactly the same way or everything on your desk arranged in a neat order in the right places

AQA A-Level Psychology (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions