Section 5 : The Approaches In Psychology - Behaviourism Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
What is behaviourism also known as
A
Learning theory
2
Q
Where did behaviourism start
A
In America
3
Q
When did behaviourism start
A
Early 1900s
4
Q
Behaviourism started through the ideas of who
A
John Watson
5
Q
What did Watson feel about the origins of psychology
A
He felt that earlier psychological research wasn’t as scientific as it should be
6
Q
what are the three assumptions of behvaviourism
A
- nearly all behaviour is learnt
- animals and humans learn in the same way
- the mind is ‘irrelevant’
7
Q
what is meant by the assumption ‘nearly all behaviour is learnt’
A
that learning ,and not genetics, is the cause of the majority of behaviours
8
Q
what is meant by the assumption ‘animals and humans learn in the same ways’
A
humans can do much more complex things than animals but the principles by which we learn is the same
9
Q
what is meant by the assumption ‘the mind is irrelevant’
A
we cannot observe and measure someone’s thinking so behaviourists obtain measurable data by studying behvaiour
10
Q
what did the behaviourists propose
A
two types of conditioning
11
Q
what are the two types of conditioning
A
classical
operant
12
Q
what was Ivan Pavlov’s research about
A
studied how dogs salivation helped them digest food
13
Q
what did Pavlov notice about what the dogs would do
A
he noticed they would salivate before they got food
14
Q
what did pavlov realise because the dogs salivated before they got food
A
he realised that the dogs had associated food with another stimulus
15
Q
what was the method of Pavlov’s experiment
A
-whenever he would give the dogs some food he would also ring a bell
-after repeating several times Pavlov then tried to ring the bell without giving the dogs food
16
Q
what was the result of Pavlovs experiment
A
the bell alone caused salivation
17
Q
what is the conclusions we can make about Pavlovs experiement
A
when dogs see food they salivate - this is an automatic unlearned response - a refelx
18
Q
what is a reflex
A
an automatic unlearned response
19
Q
what is a UCS
A
unconditioned stimulus
20
Q
what is a UCR
A
unconditioned response
21
Q
in pavlovs experiment what was the UCS and UCR
A
UCS - the food
UCR - salivation
22
Q
what is a CS
A
a conditioned stimulus
23
Q
in Pavlov’s experiment what was the CS
A
the bell
24
Q
what is a CR
A
a conditioned response
25
what had become the CR in Pavlov's experiment
the salivation
26
what are the five principles when dealing with classic conditioning
generalisation
discrimination
extinction
spontaneous recovery
higher order conditioning
27
what does generalisation mean
when stimuli similar to the original CS produce the CR
28
what does discrimination mean
when stimuli similar to the original CS don't produce the CR. can be achieved by withholding the UCS when the similar stimulus is used
29
what does extinction mean
when the CR isn't produced as a result of the CS. this happens when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS following it
30
what does spontaneous recovery mean
when a previous extinct CR is produced in response to the CS. this happens when the CS is presented again after a period of time during which it has not be used
31
what does higher order conditioning mean
when a new CS produces the CR because the animal associates it with the original CS. this can be achieved by consistently presenting the new CS before the original CS
32
what does classical conditioning apply to
reflexive responses
33
who studied how animals can learn from the consequences of their actions
B.F. Skinner
34
what can the consequences of B.F. Skinners study be classified as
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
35
what is positive reinforcement
when something desirable is obtained in response to doing something
36
what is negative reinforcement
when something undesirable is removed when something happens
37
what was the method of Skinner 1938
- Skinner created a Skinner box
-placed one rat at a time in the skinner box
-each box contained a variety of different stimuli
-hungry rat was placed in skinner box
-the time taken for the rats to learn that pressing the lever would release the food was recorded
38
what were the stimuli used in skinner 1938
-a speaker
-lights
-floor which gave electric shock
-food dispenser which released food when lever was pressed
39
what were the results of skinner 1938
-Initially the rat would run around the cage until it accidentally pressed the lever and it was rewarded with food
-the more the rat was put back in the box the quicker they got at learning where the lever was
40
what was the conclusion of skinner 1938
-rats can learn behaviour through operant conditioning
-behaviour such as pressing a lever can be positively reinforced by receiving food
41
give the evaluations of skinner 1938
-hugely influential on idea of behavioural psychology
-experiment used animals meaning results might not be generalisable to humans
-sample size was also small reducing reliability of his results
42
what are the weaknesses of conditioning
-cant explain all human behaviour
-most conditioning research has involved animals meaning results cant be generalised
-different species have different capacities for learning by conditioning
-genetics seem to influence and limit what different species can learn by conditioning
-experiments on animals can be seen as unethical
43
who conducted the 'little albert' study
Watson and Rayner
44
when was watson and rayner
1920
45
what was the method of little albert
-participant 11 month old baby
-showed no fear of white fluffy objects
-researchers tried to create a conditioned response to these objects
-a white rat was placed in front of little albert
-as he reached out for it, a metal bar was struck loudly behind his head
46
what were the results of little albert
-when little albert was shown a rat he would start to cry
-this extended to other white fluffy objects such as white Santa Claus beard
47
what was the conclusion of little albert
a fear response to white fluffy objects had been conditioned in little albert showing that abnormal behaviour can be learned
48
give the evaluations of little albert
-very unethical
-not everyone goes onto develop a fear or phobia after a negative situation
-lab study so lacks ecological validity
-supports pavlovs idea of classicla conditioning
49
why have behaviourists been criticised
because there is research which shows things like:
-our genes can influence our behaviour
-w can learn in ways other than conditioning
-mental, cognitive process are relevant to understanding behaviour
50
what theory expands on behaviourists theories
social learning theory
51
who developed the social learning theory
Bandura
52
what does the social learning theory state/suggest
-it agrees with the idea that people can learn by conditioning but also claims that people learn a lot from role models
-some cognitive
53
The social learning theory proposes that several process take place for learning to happen what are they
Modelling
Reinforcement
Vicarious Reinforcement
54
What is modelling
This involves observing and imitating another person. It requires identification with the model. If you identify with the model you can copy and learn from their behaviour
55
What is meant by identification in modelling
Where certain attractive qualities and characteristics are picked up on
56
What is meant by reinforcement
Positive and negative reinforcement makes the behaviour more likely to happen again in the future
57
What is vicarious reinforcement
Seeing others being rewarded for a behaviour influences someone in whether they choose to imitate the behaviour
58
The SLT is also mediated through cognitive processes what are they
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
59
What is meant the cognitive process: attention
To learn a behaviour you have to pay attention - once you notice your role model you have to give your full attention to their behaviour
60
What is meant the cognitive process: Retention
You need to be able to remember what you observed to be able to model it
61
What is meant the cognitive process: reproduction
You judge whether you have the ability to reproduce behaviour - if you think you can you’re far more likely to do it
62
What is meant the cognitive process: motivation
You evaluate the direct or indirect results of imitating the behaviour
63
The social learning theory is….
Reductionist
64
What does it mean for the SLT to be reductionist
It explains things through a very basic cause and effect mechanism. It ignores any biological explanation
65
Who studied migration of aggression
Bandura
66
What was the method Bandura used
-36 girls and boys with a mean age if 52mnths
-matched participants design
-three conditions
- children’s behaviour was then observed for 20mins in a room containing aggressive toys and non aggressive toys
67
What was the first condition in Bandura 1961
Children observed aggressive adult models playing with a bobo doll E.g. hitting doll with mallet
68
What was the second condition of Bandura 1961
The children observed non aggressive models playing with other toys and ignoring the bobo doll
69
What was the third condition of Bandura 1961
It was a control condition in which children had no exposure to the models
70
What was the results of Bandura 1961
-Children exposed to aggressive behaviour models imitated a lot of aggressive behaviour
-Children in the non aggressive and control conditions showed barely any aggressive behaviour
-Aggressive behaviour was slightly higher in the control condition than in the non aggressive condition
71
What is the conclusion of Bandur 1961
Aggressive behaviour is learned through imitation of others behaving aggressively
72
Give the evaluations of Bandura 1961
-Study provide evidence for social learning theory
-Strict control of variable - reliable results and can be replicated
-Low ecological validity
-Difficult to generalise - limited sample was studied
-Potential ethical problem - encouraged aggressive behaviour
73
What did bandura’s study show
That reinforcement isn’t needed for learning, we can learn by observing
74
What could be said about Bandura 1961
Bobo dolls are made for aggressive play, as well as this children were shown how play with the doll so this study may actually be a test of obedience
75
What is difficult to conclude about Bandura 1961
Difficult to conclude that observational learning has taken place. Sometimes behaviours can be repeated a long time after they’ve been observed
