Semantics Flashcards

1
Q

How do ‘bank’ (financial institute) and ‘bank’ (river bank) relate to each other?

A

homonymy

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2
Q

How do ‘ear’ (organ) and ‘ear’ (top of grain) relate to each other?

A

homonymy

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3
Q

How do ‘press’ (equipment) and ‘press’ (media) relate to each other?

A

polysemy

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4
Q

How do ‘royalty’ (royal person) and ‘royalty’ (payment) relate to each other?

A

polysemy

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5
Q

Explain the difference between a homophone and a homograph

A

homophone: identical in phonological form
> sound the same

homograph: identical in spelling
> are written the same

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6
Q

How do ‘wail’ and ‘whale’ relate to each other?

A

homophones

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7
Q

How do ‘dear’ (beloved) and ‘dear’ (expensive) relate to each other?

A

polysemy

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8
Q

How do ‘enter’ and ‘go in’ relate to each other?

A

synonyms

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9
Q

How do ‘tall’ and ‘short’ relate to each other?

A

antonyms

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10
Q

How do ‘dead’ and ‘alive’ relate to each other?

A

complementarity

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11
Q

How do ‘pupil’ and ‘teacher’ relate to each other?

A

converseness

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12
Q

How do ‘wind’ and ‘to wind’ relate to each other?

A

homophones

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13
Q

How do ‘tree’ and ‘oak’ relate to each other?

A

hyponyms

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14
Q

How do ‘oak’ and ‘birch’ relate to each other?

A

co-hyponyms

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15
Q

How do ‘vehicle’ and ‘train’ relate to each other?

A

hyponyms

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16
Q

How do ‘parent’ and ‘child’ relate to each other?

A

converseness

17
Q

How do ‘cheap’ and ‘expensive’ relate to each other?

18
Q

How do ‘buy’ and ‘sell’ relate to each other?

A

converseness

19
Q

How do ‘see’ and ‘sea’ relate to each other?

A

homophones

20
Q

How do ‘coarse’ and ‘course’ relate to each other?

A

homophones

21
Q

How do ‘zero’ and ‘love’ relate to each other? (tennis!)

22
Q

How do ‘light’ and ‘dark’ relate to each other?

23
Q

How do ‘husband’ and ‘wife’ relate to each other?

A

converseness

24
Q

How do ‘tulip’ and ‘flower’ relate to each other?

25
How do 'pupil' (eye) and 'pupil' (student) relate to each other?
polysemy
26
How do 'autumn' and 'fall' relate to each other?
synonyms
27
How do 'write' and 'right' relate to each other?
homophones
28
How do 'seal' (animal) and 'seal' (mark) relate to each other?
homonymy
29
How do 'mouse' (computer) and 'mouse' (animal) relate to each other?
polysemy
30
Explain the difference between denotation and reference
denotation relationship between linguistic sign and denotatum > NO concrete speech situation denotatum entities of extralinguistic world > abstract possibilities, potential reference relationship between referring expression and referent(s) > ONLY in concrete speech situation referring expression > phrase referent(s) > particular / specific member of denotatum
31
Explain connotation
- Associations beyond its (denotative or conceptual) meaning - Arise form properties of (elements of) the denotatum - Not necessarily shared by whole speech community > vary considerably
32
Explain the difference between polysemy and homonymy
Polysemy lexeme has more than one lexical unit > one lexeme that has developed multiple meanings Homonymy multiple lexemes with identical forms > two separate lexemes that have developed the same form
33
Define the elements of hyponymy
hyponym > subordinate (cat in cat – animal) hyperonym > superordinate (animal in cat – animal) co-hyponyms > hyponyms of the same hyperonyms
34
Explain the difference between antonyms, complementaries and converseness
``` Antonyms > gradable > degrees of variable property > move in opposite directions when intensified > range of values in between > marked vs unmarked ``` Complementaries > exhaustively divide domain into two mutually exclusive compartments Converseness > express same relation, from different perspectives
35
Explain entailment
proposition P entails proposition Q when truth of Q is logically necessary consequence of truth of P > hyponomy > synonymy
36
Explain componential analysis
analysing meanings in terms of semantic components, gained through contrasting meanings of lexical units conditions - atomic - recurrent - binary - universal