seminar review final Flashcards
The first drug of choice for a cat that experiences status epileptics is
Diazepam
A dog that experiences shock may have fluid replacement provided by all of the following. The least desirable is A- crystalloids B- hypertonic saline C- dextrose D- colloids
C- dextrose
Tension pneumothorax occurs occurs when
Pressure in thoracic cavity is greater than atmospheric pressure
Vomiting should not be induced in patients that have ingested
Kerosene
The mucous membranes of a dog in septic shock are
Brick red
The least desirable anesthetic protocol for an emergency cesarean section is
Barbiturate anesthetic
The underlying disease for most cases of feline aortic thromboembolism is
Myocardial disease
To reduce intracranial pressure that results from trauma, ________ may be administered every 4 to 8 hours.
Mannitol
Which of the following groupings of conditions has been triaged in the correct order?
Unconsciousness, dyspnea, abscesses
Avulsed incised wounds may be closed by first-intention healing
4 hours after injury
A patient is experiencing cardiopulmonary arrest. The least effective route of drug administration is
Cephalic
Fluid administration of 24 hours or more is recommended to be administered via a(n)
Through-the-needle catheter
A dog that has been hit by a car and has no palpable pulse or detectable heartbeat may need rhythmical compressions to stimulate the heart. These compressions should be performed at the
Third to sixth ribs
To minimize hemorrhage to the head of a canine trauma patient, pressure should be applied
To the area adjacent and ventral to the mandible
A trauma patient has had a primary survey performed. During the secondary survey, it is noted that in lateral recumbency the patient demonstrates a jugular vein with normal distinction time but protracted relaxation time. This may indicate all of the following except A- hypovolemia B- chronic right heart failure C- chronic liver disease D- acute heart failure
A- hypovolemia
A cat has significant arterial bleeding from a distal extremity. It is best to
Use a blood pressure cuff inflated to 30mm Hg above systolic pressure proximal to the bleeding
In emergency care cases in which it is not possible to administer large volumes of desired fluids, it may be beneficial to properly administer
Hypertonic saline
During emergency intubation, the cranial nerve _______ may be stimulated, resulting in ______.
X; bradycardia
A man phones the clinic where you work to say that he has just hit a dog with his car, and it is now lying on the side of the road. It appears to be breathing with minimal distress, there is blood coming from both nostrils, there is a small river of dark blood coming from a laceration on the lateral side of its hind leg, and it can raise its head and is attempting to stand. In advising the man, your recommendation is to do all of the following except
A- be aware of any signs of aggression
B- tie the mouth securely closed with your shoelace
C- transport the dog on a board lying on its side
D- apply direct pressure to the wound
B- tie the mouth securely closed with your shoelace
A normal CVP range is
0 to 10 cm H2O
Facilitation of the placement of a jugular catheter in an obese animal may be achieved by
Placing the animal in a sitting position
When monitoring patients on fluids and/or patients that undergo dieresis, urine output is an important consideration. The normal urine production for a healthy dog or cat is approximately
1 to 2 mL/kg/hr
Multiple parameters are measured are measured to determine a category of shock that an animal may be experiencing. The central venous pressure is high in which of the following types of shock?
Cardiogenic
Hypoglycemia is most common in patients that experience
Septic shock
In treating a shock patient it was necessary to bandage both hind limbs and the caudal abdomen. The correct way to remove the bandages is to
Slowly remove all bandages while monitoring that patient’s heart rate and blood pressure
Although the use of corticosteroids for the treatment of hypovolemic shock is controversial, it is generally agreed that their administration is most beneficial
In the early stages after initial fluid administration
The Sciff-Scherrington motor posture is characterized by
Bilateral extensor rigidity of forelimbs and bilaterally flaccid or paralyzed hind limbs or both
The Sciff-Scherrington motor posture is indicative of
Injury to T2 to L4
The PCV of the abdominal fluid of an animal with urologic injury is
Lower than the peripheral PCV
NSAIDs are also referred to as
Antiprostaglandins
Which if the following is a colloid solution? A- blood B- lactated ringers C- normosol-r D- plasmalyte 148
A- blood
Defibrillation is the passing of an electrical current through the heart to
Cause the cardiac cells to depolarize and then repolarize in a uniform manner
Which of the following is not a sign of shock? A- elevated body temperature B- increased respiratory rate and effort C- tachycardia D- pale mucous membranes
A- elevated body temperature
Gastric dilatation/volvulus (GDV) is a life-threatening emergency. It’s main damaging effect is the obstruction of the
Portal vein
The unit of measurement for insulin is
International units
The placement of a urinary catheter in a male care with a urethral obstruction usually serves all of the following purposes, except
A- ability to document rate of urine formation
B- prevent reobstruction within 24 hours
C- decompress bladder
D- administration of in situ antibiotics
D- administration of situ antibiotics
Dystocia in the dog or cat at be defined as active straining without delivery of a fetus for
More than 60 minutes
When approaching an animal that requires emergency treatment, the recommended way is to approach
Rostrally
Ocular exposure to a toxin has occurred in a dog. On examination, it is discovered that there is possible damage to the corneal epithelium. Which of the following procedures is contraindicated?
A- continuous flushing with physiologic saline
B- provision of mild sedative or analgesic or both
C- corticosteroid administration to prevent inflammation
D- use of antibiotic cream after flushing
C- corticosteroid administration to prevent inflammation
A client calls the clinic where you are working to say that 6 hours ago, her cat drank some ethylene glycol. Everyone else is at lunch, and you immediately page the veterinarian; however, the client wants to make her cat vomit to rid it of the toxin. You advise her
Not to induce vomiting and to immediately bring in the cat
Eclampsia produces elevated body temperatures, resulting from
Heat produced through muscle movement
A frantic client calls to say that her horse is acting strangely; the horse does not appear to be able to eat or drink and is moving with a stiff gait, there is a pink membrane present in the medial aspect of the eye, and it seems to be very agitated by loud noises. Considering this description, the horse is apparently suffering from
Tetanus
To place a nasal oxygenation catheter in a dog, you would
Measure to the medial can thus of the eye
A client calls to say she has come home to find her cat lying with the lamp cord in its mouth. You advise her to
Immediately disconnect the plug of the lamp cord from the wall socket
The most common artery to use when assessing the pulse of a dog or cat is the
Femoral
In small breeds of dogs examined in the veterinary clinic, the pulse rate can often exceed
200 beats/min
A pulse deficit is when the pulse is
Lagging behind the heartbeat
A sinus arrhythmia occurs when the pulse
Varies in a regular manner with every breath
Hyperpnea means
Excessively high respiratory rate
When doing physical therapy, which routine has the greatest capacity to reduce pain and muscle spasm?
Dry heat
A part of physical therapy of the respiratory tract is to
Pinch the trachea to stimulate coughing
What size needles are the most suitable for subcutaneous injections of fluids in dogs and cats?
18-20 gauge
The proper site for intraperitoneal injection is
At the level of the umbilicus to the right or left of the midline
When administering liquids via the oral route to a dog,
Place fluid between the teeth and the cheek, and allow the patient to swallow on its own accord
When assessing skin turgor in a canine patient, which area of the body is best to avoid?
The neck
Where is the popliteal lymph node located?
Proximal to the stifle at the caudal aspect of the leg
Knuckling is
A neurological abnormality
The rapid intravenous administration of large amounts of potassium can result in
Cardiac arrest
Potassium solutions can be administered to dogs and cats without causing severe pain by what routes?
Intravenous and subcutaneous
If a dog that receives parental fluids is oyrexic, how much additional fluid should be added to the maintenance fluid dose?
10%
Which of the following is not a contraindication for fluid therapy?
A- pulmonary edema
B- cerebral edema
C- pitting of the soft tissues
D- swollen soft tissue from bruising caused by trauma
D- swollen soft tissue from bruising caused by trauma
Which of the following is used to monitor fluid therapy? A- appetite B- bowel movements C- temperature D- urine output
D- urine output
What part of the eye can be used to indicate fluid overload?
Conjunctiva
Rapid fluid replacement is contraindicated in condition of
Cerebral edema
A common colloid preparation administered intravenously is
Pentastarch
Fluid-therapy solutions administered subcutaneously are
Isotonic
The best route for rapid fluid administration of large amounts of fluids to patients with poor venous access is
Intraosseus
In trauma cases, fluid therapy should be used with caution in which of the following scenarios? A- severe shock B- mild shock C- pulmonary contusions D- severe skin damage
C- pulmonary contusions
What is the primary objective of first aid for a critically injured animal?
Keep the animal alive
Which of the following is the safest and most effective first aid for frostbite?
A- apply warm towels and massage the area
B- immerse the effected area in hot water
C- immerse the effected area in lukewarm water
D- rub the effected area with snow
C- immerse the effected area in lukewarm water
Which of the following methods of controlling hemorrhage from a traumatic wound is least likely to cause further damage to the animal? A- clamping the wound with a hemostat B- direct pressure C- tourniquet D- applying silver nitrate
B- direct pressure
Which would be considered the least important physical measure evaluated during triage of a patient?
Weight
Patients in shock have
An initial increase in heart rate that then decreases as the patient nears death
The mucous membranes of patients in hemorrhagic shock are
Pale or white
The mucous membranes of patients with severe anemia and respiratory distress are
White
Normal urine output in cats and dogs is
1 to 2 mL/kg/hr
According to the principles of triage, which patient should first be seen but the veterinarian?
A- cat with a closed fracture
B- dog in respiratory distress
C- dog with otitis external
D- cat with a small laceration on a paw pad
B- dog in respiratory distress
Petechial hemorrhage on the mucous membranes can indicate
Thrombocytopenia
Which of these is not a characteristic of traumatic shock? A- white mucous membranes B- cool extremities C- capillary refill time under 1 second D- weak femoral pulses
C- capillary refill time under 1 second
According to the principles of triage, which patient should be seen first by a veterinarian?
A- dog with a small laceration on a pinna
B- dog with acute gastric dilatation/volvulus
C- cat with dystocia, not in shock, no kitten in birth canal
D- cat with possible linear foreign body in the bowel
B- dog with acute gastric dilatation/volvulus
Which if these signs is not an indication of dystocia?
A- green or black vulvar discharge
B- profuse vulvar hemorrhage
C- pup or kitten in the birth canal for 5 minutes
D- more than 1 hour of vigorous contractions with no pup or kitten produced
C- pup or kitten in the birth canal for 5 minutes
What is not usually a sign of acute gastric dilatation/volvulus? A- unproductive attempts to vomit B- hypersalivation C- abdominal distinction D- profuse diarrhea
D- profuse diarrhea
A client calls your clinic because she has notice pd a barbed fishhook embedded in her Doug’s lower lip. You should advise her to
Attempt to gently push the fishhook through the skin, the but and remove it. If this is not possible or successful, bring the animal to see the veterinarian as soon as possible
A client calls the clinic and tells you that her small poodle has stopped breathing, and she cannot feel a heartbeat. What should you reccommend?
Close the dog’s mouth and attempt mouth-to-nose resuscitation and chest compressions; immediately transport the pet to the hospital
A client calls your hospital and says that his Pekingese has suffered an eye proposes. Your advice to the client should include all of the following except
A- apply pressure to the globe to replace it in the socket
B- protect the globe from further trauma
C- keep the globe moist
D- immediately bring the dog to the veterinarian
A- apply pressure to the globe to replace it in the socket
Initial treatment for a cat with an open pneumothorax may include all of the following except A- thoracocentesis B- oxygen administration C- covering the wound D- radiographic examination
D- radiographic examination
On the average, an adult horse consumes approximately how many gallons of water per day?
10 to 15
Horses and rabbits are
Cecum fermenters
What ratio is compromised by feeding a diet high in bran to horses?
Ca/P
Failure to decrease the grain intake for a horse that transitions from training/work to an idle status may cause
Azoturia
When feeding horses, it is recommended to measure feed
By weight, not volume
Horses are generally fed grain to meet what need?
Energy
Deficiency of which of the following major nutrients is likely to have the most rapid negative effect on an animal? A- water B- protein C- fat D- carbohydrates
A- water
Which of the following animals can easily become hyperthermia if chased? A- hogs and sheep B- goats and sheep C- goats and hogs D- cattle and goats
A- hogs and sheep
Which is a dairy breed? A- Simmental B- Charolais C- Hereford D- guernsey
D- guernsey
An all-meat diet will cause a deficiency in
Calcium
Which of the following housing conditions is most likely to aggravate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (heaves) in horses? A- low temperature B- feeding dusty hay C- screen partitions between stalls D- fresh wood shavings for bedding
B- feeding dusty hay
The most common health problem encountered in cattle that have been recently shipped is
Pneumonia
Which of these not a common strategy for managing heat stress in dairy cattle?
A- feeding early in the day
B- placing fans over housing area
C- sprinkling or misting cows with water
D- cooling the holding pen near the milking parlor
A- feeding early in the day
When young livestock are exposed to poor ventilation or cold stress, what outbreaks often occur?
Pneumonia
The height of a nipple watering device must be adjusted according to the size of the pigs in the pen. It should be set at a level that is
Just above the shoulder of the pigs
The number of nipple water devices in group pens varies according to the size and number of animals involved. A pen of 20 pigs should have a minimum of
2 nipples per pen
What is a newborn pig let’s lower critical temperature?
90 to 95 F
The environmental temperature should be monitored routinely in a farrowing unit. Where should thermometers be placed?
Near the floor at the pigs’ level
What can a producer do to provide an acceptable environment for a lactating sow and her offspring?
Keep the overall area comfortable for the sow, and provide zones of supplemental heat for the piglets
Fences and dividers between groups of pigs should be constructed so that
The slats are positioned vertically
As you walk through the nursery section of a swine production unit, you notice that many of the pigs have rectal prolapsed. What does this observation tell you about their behaviors?
The pigs are piling up
What common vice might become apparent if pigs are crowded into a pen with insufficient space for the number of animals?
Tail biting
Excessive carbon monoxide levels in a swine barn are usually associated with
Incomplete combustion of fuel in a heater
Feeders in finishing hog lens should have
One feeder space per 6 to 10 pigs
What would provide the best information on the mineral status of a horse?
Feed analysis
Sudden ration changes would not cause
Cachexia
Enteral feeding is indicated in a horse with
Dysphagia
Prolonged under nutrition in adult horses adversely affects all of the following except
Skeletal structures
A horse with cardiac disease may not require a major dietary change. The inky change may be to restrict intake of
Salt
Horses with active laminitis should be fed
Average-quality hay and no grain
What nutrient is not required for normal horn and hoof formation?
Vitamin K
Horses prone to esophageal obstruction should not be fed
Pellets
During pregnancy, goats require extra dietary energy during the last
2 months
Urea toxicity in small ruminants typically occurs within 1 hour after ingestion. What is not a sign of urea toxicity? A- low packed cell volume (PCV) B- frequent urination and defecation C- Incoordination D- muscle and chin tremors
A- low packed cell volume (PCV)
In goats, night blindness, poor appetite, weight loss, unthrifty appearance with a poor hair coat, and a thick nasal discharge have resulted from a lack of vitamin
A
Lack of what vitamin in goats can cause nutritional muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease)?
E
Lack of what nutrients can cause retarded growth and rickets in goat kids?
Vitamin C and calcium
Most scent glands in male goats can be destroyed at the time of
Dehorning
Goats are most at risk for developing the metabolic condition termed ketones during
Late gestation
Ruminants that consume excessive concentrates may be predisposed to
Rumen acidosis
Consumption of unaccustomed quantities of grain, or of lush pasture when first turned out in the spring, by goats or sheep can lead to incomplete digestion, overgrowth of clostridium in the small intestine, and production of epsilon toxin. This syndrome is called
Enterotoxemia
A llama’s stomach is functionally similar to, but anatomically different from, a true ruminant stomach. How many compartments does a llama’s stomach have?
3
Llamas, like true ruminants, can break down what feed constituent into short-chained fatty acids with the assistance of bacteria and Protozoa?
Cellulose
Which statement concerning feeding of llamas is most accurate?
A- they must be fed once daily
B- they must be fed twice daily
C- they must be fed free choice
D- they should be fed on a regular schedule
D- they should be fed on a regular schedule
A predominant deficiency of what nutrient causes angular limb deformities, given current North American feeding practices of llamas?
Phosphorus
What nutrient represents the greatest fraction of dairy cattle diets after weaning and is essential to optimizing milk production?
Carbohydrates
Over feeding of the nutrient class ______ to ruminants or horses predisposes them to laminitis or founder
Energy
Cattle add large quantities of saliva to their feed during chewing and also regurgitate during rumination. The most important effect of this is to
Buffer the acids produced in the rumen
Which of the following compromises the major gaseous energy loss as a result of fermentation in the rumen? A- oxygen B- ethane C- carbon dioxide D- methane
D- methane
What foal type has the greatest nutritional requirement?
Premature foal with septicemia
Which of the following is not recommended for a weak foal? A- bucket feeding B- bottle feeding C- nasogastric intubation D- intravenous nutrition
B- bottle feeding
To avoid abomasal bloat in calves, milk replacer must
Be well mixed
Successful strategies for preventing diarrhea in unweaned dairy calves include all of the following, except A- vaccination of the dam B- dry, draft-free housing C- colostrum feeding D- limiting the amount of milk fed
D- limiting the amount of milk fed
When a calf suckles and ingests warm milk, the reticular groove is stimulated to close so that milk and saliva pass directly into the
Abomasum
When the newborn lamb receives no nutrition at all in cold environmental conditions, fat reserves last about
1 to 2 days only
The neonatal calf is a preruminant. What factor most influences rumen development?
The calf’s diet
What is a freemartin?
A heifer born twinned to a bull
What vitamin is also known as thiamine?
Vitamin B1
What clinical condition is associated with acute over consumption of a high-fat meal in dogs but is rarely seen in horses and pigs?
Pancreatitis
Newborn piglets raised in confinement must be supplemented with
Iron
Why do piglets need an iron supplement?
They are born with low levels in their tissue and do not have an adequate dietary source while nursing
