Sensation and Perception test Flashcards
1
Q
Sensation?
A
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
2
Q
Perception?
A
the processes by which her brain organizes and interprets sensory input
3
Q
What does Perception enable us to do?
A
recognize meaningful objects and events
4
Q
Bottom-up Processing?
A
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
5
Q
Top-down processing?
A
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes
6
Q
what does top-down processing do?
A
when we construct receptions drawing on our experience and expectations
7
Q
Selective attention?
A
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
8
Q
Inattentional blindness
A
failing to see visual objects when our attention is directed elsewhere ex. paying attention to 3 people playing basketball while a women walks across the screen that we don’t notice
9
Q
Change blindness
A
failing to notice changes in the environment
10
Q
Transduction
A
the process of converting one form of energy into another that your brain can use.
11
Q
What is an example of transduction?
A
in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret
12
Q
Psychophysics?
A
rudy of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli such as intensity and our psychological experience of them
13
Q
Absolute threshold?
A
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
14
Q
What are examples of minimum threshold?
A
detect a particular light from 30 miles away, sound, pressure, taste, or oder such as the drop of perfume in 3 rooms
15
Q
Signal detection theory
A
theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus (signal) amine background stimulation (noise) ex. exhausted parents will notice the faintest whimper from a newborn’s cradle while failing to notice louder, unimportant sounds
16
Q
Subliminal?
A
below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
17
Q
Priming?
A
activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response
18
Q
Difference Threshold?
A
minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of time
19
Q
Weber’s Law
A
principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage(Rather than a constant amount)
20
Q
Sensory Adaptation?
A
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
21
Q
Perceptual Set?
A
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing or another ex. picture of the young or old women - young kids see it as young women - old people see it as a old women
22
Q
Extrasensory Perception and abbreviation?
A
(ESP) the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input
23
Q
What does extrasensory perception include?
A
telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition
24
Q
What is telepathy?
A
mind to mind communication
25
What is clairvoyance?
perceiving remote events, such as a house on fire in another state
26
What is precognition?
perceiving future events, such as an unexpected death in the next month
27
Parapsychology?
study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
28
Wavelength?
distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next, electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
29
Hue?
color we experience
30
What determines the Hue?
the wavelength of light
31
Intensity?
amount of energy in light waves
32
What determines intensity?
a wave's amplitude, or height
33
What does intensity influence?
brightness
34
Pupil?
small adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
35
Iris?
colored muscle that dilates or constricts in response to light intensity and even to inner emotions
36
Lens?
transparent structure behind the pupil that focuses incoming light rays into an image on the retina
37
Retina?
multilayered tissue on the eyeball's sensitive inner surface
38
What does the retina contain?
the receptor rods and cons plus layers of neurons that begin the process of visual information
39
Accommodation?
process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
40
Rods?
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray
41
What are rods necessary for?
peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
42
Cones?
retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina
43
Where do the Cones function?
daylight or well lit conditions
44
What do cones detect?
fine details and give rise to color sensations
45
Optic Nerve?
nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
46
Blind Spot?
point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot
47
Fovea?
central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
48
Why is there a blind spot?
because its the place where there is no receptor cells
49
Feature detectors?
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement
50
Parallel Processing?
processing of many problems simultaneously,
51
Young-Helmtholz trichromatic (three-color) theory?
theory that the retina contains there different color receptors, one most sensitive to red, blue and free, when stimulated together can reduce the perception of any color
52
Opponent Process Theory?
theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision.
53
Gestalt?
an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
54
Figure Ground?
organization of the visual fields into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)
55
Grouping?
perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
56
Depth Perception?
enables us to estimate object's distance from us
57
Visual cliff?
laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
58
Binocular Cues
depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the us of both eyes
59
Retinal Display
binocular cue for perceiving depth. by comparing images from the retinas in two eyes, the brain computes distance -the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object
60
Monocular cues?
depth cues to each eye separately (such as linear perspective and interposition)
61
Phi Phenomenon?
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
62
Perceptual Constancy?
perceiving objects as unchaining (having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change
63
Color Constancy
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color
64
Perceptual adaptation?
in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field ex. the quarterback throwing bad passes with the lenses then throwing good ones eventually after practice
65
Audition?
hearing
66
Frequency?
number of complete wavelengths that determines the pitch
67
Pitch
tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
68
Middle Ear?
chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones
69
What are the three tiny bones in the Middle Ear?
hammer, anvil, and stirrup
70
What do the three tiny bones do in the inner ear?
concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
71
Cochlea?
a coiled, fluid filled tube in the inner ear
72
What do the sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger?
nerve impulses
73
Inner ear?
innermost part of the ear. containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
74
Sensorineural hearing loss?
hearing loss by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves
75
What is Sensorineural hearing loss also called?
nerve deafness
76
Conduction hearing loss?
hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea (less common of the two)
77
Cochlear implant?
device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
78
Place theory?
the theory that links the itch we hear with the place where the cochlea;s membrane is stimulated
79
Frequency Theory?
the theory that the rate of the nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
80
Gate control theory?
theory that the spinal chord contains neurological "gate" that block pain spinals or allows them to pass onto the brain
81
Kinesthesia?
sense of the position and movement of your body parts
82
Vestibular Sense?
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
83
Sensory interaction?
principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences the taste - when your sick and can't smell, food doesn't taste good
84
Embodied Cognition?
in psychological science, influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
85
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Sensation?
86
the processes by which her brain organizes and interprets sensory input
Perception?
87
recognize meaningful objects and events
What does Perception enable us to do?
88
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
Bottom-up Processing?
89
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes
Top-down processing?
90
when we construct receptions drawing on our experience and expectations
what does top-down processing do?
91
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Selective attention?
92
failing to see visual objects when our attention is directed elsewhere ex. paying attention to 3 people playing basketball while a women walks across the screen that we don't notice
Inattentional blindness
93
failing to notice changes in the environment
Change blindness
94
the process of converting one form of energy into another that your brain can use.
Transduction
95
in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret
What is an example of transduction?
96
rudy of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli such as intensity and our psychological experience of them
Psychophysics?
97
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
Absolute threshold?
98
detect a particular light from 30 miles away, sound, pressure, taste, or oder such as the drop of perfume in 3 rooms
What are examples of minimum threshold?
99
theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus (signal) amine background stimulation (noise) ex. exhausted parents will notice the faintest whimper from a newborn's cradle while failing to notice louder, unimportant sounds
Signal detection theory
100
below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Subliminal?
101
activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
Priming?
102
minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of time
Difference Threshold?
103
principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage(Rather than a constant amount)
Weber's Law
104
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Sensory Adaptation?
105
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing or another ex. picture of the young or old women - young kids see it as young women - old people see it as a old women
Perceptual Set?
106
(ESP) the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input
Extrasensory Perception and abbreviation?
107
telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition
What does extrasensory perception include?
108
mind to mind communication
What is telepathy?
109
perceiving remote events, such as a house on fire in another state
What is clairvoyance?
110
perceiving future events, such as an unexpected death in the next month
What is precognition?
111
study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
Parapsychology?
112
distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next, electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
Wavelength?
113
color we experience
Hue?
114
the wavelength of light
What determines the Hue?
115
amount of energy in light waves
Intensity?
116
a wave's amplitude, or height
What determines intensity?
117
brightness
What does intensity influence?
118
small adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
Pupil?
119
colored muscle that dilates or constricts in response to light intensity and even to inner emotions
Iris?
120
transparent structure behind the pupil that focuses incoming light rays into an image on the retina
Lens?
121
multilayered tissue on the eyeball's sensitive inner surface
Retina?
122
the receptor rods and cons plus layers of neurons that begin the process of visual information
What does the retina contain?
123
process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
Accommodation?
124
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray
Rods?
125
peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
What are rods necessary for?
126
retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina
Cones?
127
daylight or well lit conditions
Where do the Cones function?
128
fine details and give rise to color sensations
What do cones detect?
129
nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Optic Nerve?
130
point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot
Blind Spot?
131
central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
Fovea?
132
because its the place where there is no receptor cells
Why is there a blind spot?
133
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement
Feature detectors?
134
processing of many problems simultaneously,
Parallel Processing?
135
theory that the retina contains there different color receptors, one most sensitive to red, blue and free, when stimulated together can reduce the perception of any color
Young-Helmtholz trichromatic (three-color) theory?
136
theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision.
Opponent Process Theory?
137
an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
Gestalt?
138
organization of the visual fields into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)
Figure Ground?
139
perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Grouping?
140
enables us to estimate object's distance from us
Depth Perception?
141
laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
Visual cliff?
142
depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the us of both eyes
Binocular Cues
143
binocular cue for perceiving depth. by comparing images from the retinas in two eyes, the brain computes distance -the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object
Retinal Display
144
depth cues to each eye separately (such as linear perspective and interposition)
Monocular cues?
145
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
Phi Phenomenon?
146
perceiving objects as unchaining (having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change
Perceptual Constancy?
147
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color
Color Constancy
148
in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field ex. the quarterback throwing bad passes with the lenses then throwing good ones eventually after practice
Perceptual adaptation?
149
hearing
Audition?
150
number of complete wavelengths that determines the pitch
Frequency?
151
tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
Pitch
152
chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones
Middle Ear?
153
hammer, anvil, and stirrup
What are the three tiny bones in the Middle Ear?
154
concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
What do the three tiny bones do in the inner ear?
155
a coiled, fluid filled tube in the inner ear
Cochlea?
156
nerve impulses
What do the sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger?
157
innermost part of the ear. containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
Inner ear?
158
hearing loss by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves
Sensorineural hearing loss?
159
nerve deafness
What is Sensorineural hearing loss also called?
160
hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea (less common of the two)
Conduction hearing loss?
161
device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
Cochlear implant?
162
the theory that links the itch we hear with the place where the cochlea;s membrane is stimulated
Place theory?
163
the theory that the rate of the nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
Frequency Theory?
164
theory that the spinal chord contains neurological "gate" that block pain spinals or allows them to pass onto the brain
Gate control theory?
165
sense of the position and movement of your body parts
Kinesthesia?
166
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
Vestibular Sense?
167
principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences the taste - when your sick and can't smell, food doesn't taste good
Sensory interaction?
168
in psychological science, influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
Embodied Cognition?
