learning test Flashcards
1
Q
Cognition
A
mental activities associated with thinking
2
Q
concept
A
mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, and people
3
Q
prototype
A
mental image or best example of a category
4
Q
creativity
A
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable
5
Q
convergent thinking
A
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
6
Q
divergent thinking
A
creative thinking that diverges in different solutions
7
Q
what are the 5 components of creativity
A
expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, a creative environment
8
Q
what is expertise
A
well-developed base of knowledge
9
Q
what are imaginative thinking skills
A
a person who seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and preservers in overcoming obstacles
10
Q
what are imaginative thinking skillls
A
they provide the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections
11
Q
what is intrinsic motivation
A
being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge that by external pressures
12
Q
what does a creative environment do?
A
spark, supports, and refines creative ideas
13
Q
Algorithms
A
step by step procedures that guarantee a solution
14
Q
Heuristics?
A
simpler thinking strategies
15
Q
Insight
A
a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy based solutions
16
Q
confirmation bias
A
idea that we more eagerly seek out and favor evidence verifying our ideas than evidence refuting them
17
Q
mental set
A
our tendency to approach a problem with the mind set of has worked of use previously
18
Q
intuition
A
our fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts
19
Q
representativeness heuristic
A
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well tjeu seem to represent or match particular prototypes
20
Q
avaliability hueristic
A
when we estimate the likelihood of events based on how mentally available they are for example when we win at a casino lights flash making it memorable
21
Q
overconfidence
A
tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements
22
Q
belief perseverance
A
clinging to their belief even though they have been riven wrong
23
Q
framing
A
the way we present an issue, sways our decisions and judgments
24
Q
learning
A
process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
25
habituates
an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated pressure to it
26
associative learning
when you link two events together
27
classical conditioning
we learn to associate two things and then to anticipate an event
28
operant conditioning
when we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence
29
cognitive learning
acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching there, or through language
30
behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
31
neural stimulus (NS)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
32
unconditioned response (UR)
an unlearned, natural occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus) (such as food in the mouth)
33
Conditioned Response (CR)
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but new conditioned) stimulus (CS)
34
conditioned stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an irrelevant stimulus, that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. Such as a bell ringing at first and nothing happens then eventually it rings and there is food
35
acquisition
when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
36
high order conditioning
when a new stimulus such as a light replaces a beep that signals food
37
extinction
the diminish responding that occurs when the CS or tone no longer signals and impending US food
38
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause
39
discrimination
the learn debility to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus
40
operant conditioning
when organisms associate their own actions with consequences
41
classical conditioning does what
forms associations between a CS and the US it signals, also involves respondent behavior of actions that are automatic responses such as salivating in response to meat powder and later in response to tone
42
law of effect
rewarded behavior is likely to occur
43
reinforcement
an event that strengthens a proceeding response or behavior that follows
44
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
45
discriminative stimulus
stimuli that signal that a response will be reinforced
46
positive reinforcement
strengthens a response by present a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response
47
negative reinforcement
strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative
48
negative reinforcement removes what
a punsihing event, provides relief from the whining teenager, bad headache, or annoying alarm
49
primary reinforcers
one that satisfies a biological need such as hunger, food would be one
50
condtioned reinforcers
or secondary reinforcers, get their power through learned associations ith primary reinforcers
51
reinforcement schedules
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
52
continuos reinforcment
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs, such as getting hcolate for not sitting in sheldons seat
53
fixed ratio schedules
reinforce behavior after a set number of responses
54
variable ratio schedules
provide reinforcers after a seemingly unpredictable number of reposes, such as gambling you don't know when it will come
55
fixed interval schedules
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
56
variable interval schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
57
punishment
any consequence that decreases the frequency of of a preceding behavior, not like reinforcement positive or negative tha increases a bahavior
58
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
59
operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences
60
cognitive map
mental representation of the layout of ones environment
61
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
62
insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution
63
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
64
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishment
65
coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
66
problem focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
67
emotion focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction, basically when we cannot or believe we cannot change a situation
68
learned helplessness
feeling helpless and oppressed may lead to astute of passive aggressiveness
69
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces determine their fate
70
internal locus of control
who believe that they control their own destiny
71
self control
the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification
72
observational learning
learning by observing others
73
modelin
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
74
mirror neurons
neurons that fire when performing certain cations or when observing another doing son. brains mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy
75
prosocial behavior
positive constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior
76
# reversed Cards
mental activities associated with thinking
Cognition
77
# reversed Cards
mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, and people
concept
78
# reversed Cards
mental image or best example of a category
prototype
79
# reversed Cards
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable
creativity
80
# reversed Cards
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
convergent thinking
81
# reversed Cards
creative thinking that diverges in different solutions
divergent thinking
82
# reversed Cards
expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, a creative environment
what are the 5 components of creativity
83
# reversed Cards
well-developed base of knowledge
what is expertise
84
# reversed Cards
a person who seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and preservers in overcoming obstacles
what are imaginative thinking skills
85
# reversed Cards
they provide the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections
what are imaginative thinking skillls
86
# reversed Cards
being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge that by external pressures
what is intrinsic motivation
87
# reversed Cards
spark, supports, and refines creative ideas
what does a creative environment do?
88
# reversed Cards
step by step procedures that guarantee a solution
Algorithms
89
# reversed Cards
simpler thinking strategies
Heuristics?
90
# reversed Cards
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy based solutions
Insight
91
# reversed Cards
idea that we more eagerly seek out and favor evidence verifying our ideas than evidence refuting them
confirmation bias
92
# reversed Cards
our tendency to approach a problem with the mind set of has worked of use previously
mental set
93
# reversed Cards
our fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts
intuition
94
# reversed Cards
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well tjeu seem to represent or match particular prototypes
representativeness heuristic
95
# reversed Cards
when we estimate the likelihood of events based on how mentally available they are for example when we win at a casino lights flash making it memorable
avaliability hueristic
96
# reversed Cards
tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements
overconfidence
97
# reversed Cards
clinging to their belief even though they have been riven wrong
belief perseverance
98
# reversed Cards
the way we present an issue, sways our decisions and judgments
framing
99
# reversed Cards
process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
learning
100
# reversed Cards
an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated pressure to it
habituates
101
# reversed Cards
when you link two events together
associative learning
102
# reversed Cards
we learn to associate two things and then to anticipate an event
classical conditioning
103
# reversed Cards
when we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence
operant conditioning
104
# reversed Cards
acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching there, or through language
cognitive learning
105
# reversed Cards
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
behaviorism
106
# reversed Cards
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
neural stimulus (NS)
107
# reversed Cards
an unlearned, natural occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus) (such as food in the mouth)
unconditioned response (UR)
108
# reversed Cards
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but new conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
109
# reversed Cards
in classical conditioning, an irrelevant stimulus, that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. Such as a bell ringing at first and nothing happens then eventually it rings and there is food
conditioned stimulus (CS)
110
# reversed Cards
when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
acquisition
111
# reversed Cards
when a new stimulus such as a light replaces a beep that signals food
high order conditioning
112
# reversed Cards
the diminish responding that occurs when the CS or tone no longer signals and impending US food
extinction
113
# reversed Cards
the reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause
spontaneous recovery
114
# reversed Cards
the learn debility to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus
discrimination
115
# reversed Cards
when organisms associate their own actions with consequences
operant conditioning
116
# reversed Cards
forms associations between a CS and the US it signals, also involves respondent behavior of actions that are automatic responses such as salivating in response to meat powder and later in response to tone
classical conditioning does what
117
# reversed Cards
rewarded behavior is likely to occur
law of effect
118
# reversed Cards
an event that strengthens a proceeding response or behavior that follows
reinforcement
119
# reversed Cards
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
shaping
120
# reversed Cards
stimuli that signal that a response will be reinforced
discriminative stimulus
121
# reversed Cards
strengthens a response by present a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response
positive reinforcement
122
# reversed Cards
strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative
negative reinforcement
123
# reversed Cards
a punsihing event, provides relief from the whining teenager, bad headache, or annoying alarm
negative reinforcement removes what
124
# reversed Cards
one that satisfies a biological need such as hunger, food would be one
primary reinforcers
125
# reversed Cards
or secondary reinforcers, get their power through learned associations ith primary reinforcers
condtioned reinforcers
126
# reversed Cards
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
reinforcement schedules
127
# reversed Cards
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs, such as getting hcolate for not sitting in sheldons seat
continuos reinforcment
128
# reversed Cards
reinforce behavior after a set number of responses
fixed ratio schedules
129
# reversed Cards
provide reinforcers after a seemingly unpredictable number of reposes, such as gambling you don't know when it will come
variable ratio schedules
130
# reversed Cards
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
fixed interval schedules
131
# reversed Cards
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
variable interval schedule
132
# reversed Cards
any consequence that decreases the frequency of of a preceding behavior, not like reinforcement positive or negative tha increases a bahavior
punishment
133
# reversed Cards
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
respondent behavior
134
# reversed Cards
behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences
operant behavior
135
# reversed Cards
mental representation of the layout of ones environment
cognitive map
136
# reversed Cards
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
latent learning
137
# reversed Cards
a sudden realization of a problem's solution
insight
138
# reversed Cards
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
intrinsic motivation
139
# reversed Cards
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishment
extrinsic motivation
140
# reversed Cards
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
coping
141
# reversed Cards
attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
problem focused coping
142
# reversed Cards
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction, basically when we cannot or believe we cannot change a situation
emotion focused coping
143
# reversed Cards
feeling helpless and oppressed may lead to astute of passive aggressiveness
learned helplessness
144
# reversed Cards
the perception that chance or outside forces determine their fate
external locus of control
145
# reversed Cards
who believe that they control their own destiny
internal locus of control
146
# reversed Cards
the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification
self control
147
# reversed Cards
learning by observing others
observational learning
148
# reversed Cards
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
modelin
149
# reversed Cards
neurons that fire when performing certain cations or when observing another doing son. brains mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy
mirror neurons
150
# reversed Cards
positive constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior
prosocial behavior
