Third test on the biological basis of behavior Flashcards
1
Q
neuron
A
nerve cell, basic building block of the nervous system
2
Q
dendrites
A
neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
3
Q
axon
A
neuron extensions that passes messages through its branches to other neurons
4
Q
Myelin sheet
A
fatty tissue layer that segmentally encases the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission seed as neural impulses hop from sausage like node to the next
5
Q
action potential
A
neural impulse; a breif electrical charge that travels
6
Q
refractory period
A
a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
7
Q
threshold
A
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
8
Q
all or non response
A
a neurons reaction of either firing (with a full strength response) or not firing
9
Q
synapse
A
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. this tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or the synaptic cleft
10
Q
neurotransmitters
A
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons. these travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse
11
Q
reuptake
A
a nuerotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron
12
Q
endorphins
A
natural opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
13
Q
agonist
A
a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
14
Q
antagonist
A
a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits oe blocks a response
15
Q
nervous system
A
the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
16
Q
central nervous system (cns)
A
the brain and spinal chord
17
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
18
Q
nerves
A
bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
19
Q
sensory (afferent) neurons
A
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal chord
20
Q
motor (afferent) neurons
A
neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal chord to the muscles and glads
21
Q
interneurons
A
neurons within the brain and spinal chord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor inputs
22
Q
somatic nervous system
A
the division of the peripheral nervous system that control’s the body’s skeletal muscles. also call the skeletal muscle system
23
Q
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
A
the part of the peripheral nervous system tha controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart(. its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms
24
Q
sympathetic nervous system
A
the division of tha autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
25
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
26
sympathetic nervous system does what?
arouses
27
Parasympathetic nervous system does what?
calms
28
endocrine system?
the body's "slow" chemical communication system: a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
29
hormones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues
30
adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that hep arouse the body in times of stress
31
pituitary gland
the endocrine system's most influential gland , regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
32
lesion
tissue destruction. a brain lesion is a naturally or experimental caused destruction of brain tissue
33
electroencephalogram
an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface. these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
34
CT (computed tomography)
a series of x ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brains structure
35
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
36
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
puts the head in a strong magnetic field which spins the atoms of the brain molecules. Then radio waves are pulsed to momentarily disorient the atoms. When the atoms return, they provided detailed images of the brains soft tissue
37
fMRI (functional MRI)
a technique for revealing blood flow, and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans
38
What does fMRI show?
brain function as well as its structure
39
brainstem
the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal chord swells as it enters the skull
40
what is the brainstem responsible for
automatic survival functions
41
Medulla
controls heartbeat and breathing, base of the brainstem
42
Thalamus
brain's sensory control center located on top of the brainstem
43
what does the thalamus do
directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
44
Reticular Formation
a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus
45
what does the reticular formation play a role in
arousal
46
Cerebellum
at the rear of the brainstem, enables nonverbal learning and memory, deals with coordinating movement output and balance, helps you know if you are staring up straight or sitting up straight
47
Limbic system
associated with emotions and drives
48
what makes up the limbic system
hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
49
Amygdala
linked to emotions, including perceiving emotions and the processing of emotional memories
50
Hypothalamus
directs several activities like eating, drinking, body temperature
51
hippocampus
linked to memory
52
Corpus callosum
connects two hemispheres and helps relay messages to them
53
Cerebral cortex
body's ultimate control and information processing center
54
Glial Cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons, may also play a role in learning and thinking
55
frontal lobes
involved in speaking and muscle movements as well s making plans and judgements
56
parietal lobes
receives sensory information from the visual fields
57
occipital lobes
includes areas that receive information from the visual fields
58
temporal lobes
includes the auditory areas that receive information primarily from the opposite ear
59
motor cortex
area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements
60
Somatosensory cortex
registers and processes body touch and movement sensations, if you stimulate this tissue u may feel something on the shoulder, you stimulate it on the side you may feel something on the face
61
Association areas
areas of the cerebral cortex involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking
62
plasticity
brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
63
# reversed Cards
nerve cell, basic building block of the nervous system
neuron
64
# reversed Cards
neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
dendrites
65
# reversed Cards
neuron extensions that passes messages through its branches to other neurons
axon
66
# reversed Cards
fatty tissue layer that segmentally encases the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission seed as neural impulses hop from sausage like node to the next
Myelin sheet
67
# reversed Cards
neural impulse; a breif electrical charge that travels
action potential
68
# reversed Cards
a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
refractory period
69
# reversed Cards
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
threshold
70
# reversed Cards
a neurons reaction of either firing (with a full strength response) or not firing
all or non response
71
# reversed Cards
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. this tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or the synaptic cleft
synapse
72
# reversed Cards
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons. these travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse
neurotransmitters
73
# reversed Cards
a nuerotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron
reuptake
74
# reversed Cards
natural opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
endorphins
75
# reversed Cards
a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
agonist
76
# reversed Cards
a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits oe blocks a response
antagonist
77
# reversed Cards
the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
nervous system
78
# reversed Cards
the brain and spinal chord
central nervous system (cns)
79
# reversed Cards
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
peripheral nervous system
80
# reversed Cards
bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
nerves
81
# reversed Cards
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal chord
sensory (afferent) neurons
82
# reversed Cards
neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal chord to the muscles and glads
motor (afferent) neurons
83
# reversed Cards
neurons within the brain and spinal chord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor inputs
interneurons
84
# reversed Cards
the division of the peripheral nervous system that control's the body's skeletal muscles. also call the skeletal muscle system
somatic nervous system
85
# reversed Cards
the part of the peripheral nervous system tha controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart(. its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
86
# reversed Cards
the division of tha autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
sympathetic nervous system
87
# reversed Cards
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
parasympathetic nervous system
88
# reversed Cards
arouses
sympathetic nervous system does what?
89
# reversed Cards
calms
Parasympathetic nervous system does what?
90
# reversed Cards
the body's "slow" chemical communication system: a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
endocrine system?
91
# reversed Cards
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues
hormones
92
# reversed Cards
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that hep arouse the body in times of stress
adrenal glands
93
# reversed Cards
the endocrine system's most influential gland , regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
pituitary gland
94
# reversed Cards
tissue destruction. a brain lesion is a naturally or experimental caused destruction of brain tissue
lesion
95
# reversed Cards
an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface. these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
electroencephalogram
96
# reversed Cards
a series of x ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brains structure
CT (computed tomography)
97
# reversed Cards
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
98
# reversed Cards
puts the head in a strong magnetic field which spins the atoms of the brain molecules. Then radio waves are pulsed to momentarily disorient the atoms. When the atoms return, they provided detailed images of the brains soft tissue
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
99
# reversed Cards
a technique for revealing blood flow, and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans
fMRI (functional MRI)
100
# reversed Cards
brain function as well as its structure
What does fMRI show?
101
# reversed Cards
the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal chord swells as it enters the skull
brainstem
102
# reversed Cards
automatic survival functions
what is the brainstem responsible for
103
# reversed Cards
controls heartbeat and breathing, base of the brainstem
Medulla
104
# reversed Cards
brain's sensory control center located on top of the brainstem
Thalamus
105
# reversed Cards
directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
what does the thalamus do
106
# reversed Cards
a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus
Reticular Formation
107
# reversed Cards
arousal
what does the reticular formation play a role in
108
# reversed Cards
at the rear of the brainstem, enables nonverbal learning and memory, deals with coordinating movement output and balance, helps you know if you are staring up straight or sitting up straight
Cerebellum
109
# reversed Cards
associated with emotions and drives
Limbic system
110
# reversed Cards
hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
what makes up the limbic system
111
# reversed Cards
linked to emotions, including perceiving emotions and the processing of emotional memories
Amygdala
112
# reversed Cards
directs several activities like eating, drinking, body temperature
Hypothalamus
113
# reversed Cards
linked to memory
hippocampus
114
# reversed Cards
connects two hemispheres and helps relay messages to them
Corpus callosum
115
# reversed Cards
body's ultimate control and information processing center
Cerebral cortex
116
# reversed Cards
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons, may also play a role in learning and thinking
Glial Cells
117
# reversed Cards
involved in speaking and muscle movements as well s making plans and judgements
frontal lobes
118
# reversed Cards
receives sensory information from the visual fields
parietal lobes
118
# reversed Cards
receives sensory information from the visual fields
parietal lobes
119
# reversed Cards
includes areas that receive information from the visual fields
occipital lobes
120
# reversed Cards
includes the auditory areas that receive information primarily from the opposite ear
temporal lobes
120
# reversed Cards
includes the auditory areas that receive information primarily from the opposite ear
temporal lobes
121
# reversed Cards
area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements
motor cortex
121
# reversed Cards
area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements
motor cortex
122
# reversed Cards
registers and processes body touch and movement sensations, if you stimulate this tissue u may feel something on the shoulder, you stimulate it on the side you may feel something on the face
Somatosensory cortex
122
# reversed Cards
registers and processes body touch and movement sensations, if you stimulate this tissue u may feel something on the shoulder, you stimulate it on the side you may feel something on the face
Somatosensory cortex
123
# reversed Cards
areas of the cerebral cortex involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking
Association areas
123
# reversed Cards
areas of the cerebral cortex involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking
Association areas
124
# reversed Cards
brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
plasticity
124
# reversed Cards
brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
plasticity
