Session 10

Question 1

Prose Rhythm

Answer 1

The ideal way a poem is read: • reading a poem as if it were prose text
• natural prose sequence of stressed and unstressed
syllables
• check dictionary; stressed syllables = autosemantics
(content words)
• unstressed syllables: form and function words (and,
but, my, etc)
• mark stressed syllables with accent
• are there enjambments? (=run on line): when a
thought begins in one line and carries onto the next

Question 2

Verse Rhythm

Answer 2

• verse rhythm: interplay between metre and prose
rhythm, between abstract metrical pattern and natural
prose
• interplay: tension between abstract, regular matrical
norm and concrete realisation
• deviations from metrical scheme
• aesthetic appeal through disappointing expectation,
counteracts monotony
• emphasis: rhythmical focal points can mark important
meanings
• → makes poem unique
• equivalence between discourse and story: onomatopoeia
(word mimicking sound)

Question 3

Interplay

Answer 3

tension between abstract, regular matrical
norm and concrete realisation

Question 4

Deviations from metrical scheme

Answer 4

• aesthetic appeal through disappointing expectation,
counteracts monotony
• emphasis: rhythmical focal points can mark important
meanings
• → makes poem unique

Question 5

Enjambment

Answer 5

when a sentences thought begins in
one line and carries onto the next (=RUN ON LINE)

Question 6

Rhyme

Answer 6

• sameness of sound after last stressed vowel • usually, consonant that comes before differs ⚬ e.g: mine-fine, hat-bat • correspondence through sameness of sound – repetition, equivalence, correspondences • Sounds in themselves don’t mean anything! • Take historical pronunciation into consideration!

Question 7

rhyming couplets

Answer 7

aa bb cc

Question 8

alternate/crossed rhyme

Answer 8

abab cdcd

Question 9

embracing rhyme

Answer 9

abba cddc OR aba cdc

Question 10

intermittent rhyme

Answer 10

xaxa (x = doesn’t rhyme)

Question 11

full (=regular) rhyme

Answer 11

last consonants precedint last stressed vowels differ

Question 12

half rhymes/slant/imperfect/pararhymes

Answer 12

rhyme in which there is a close but not exactt correspondence of sounds

Question 13

masculine rhyme

Answer 13

ends in stressed syllable

Question 14

feminine rhyme

Answer 14

ends in unstressed syllable

Question 15

alliteration

Answer 15

repetition of initial sounds in neighbouring words

Question 16

assonance

Answer 16

repetition of internal vowel sounds

Question 17

consonance

Answer 17

repetition of internal consonant sounds

Question 18

metaphor

Answer 18

• figure of speech, figurative language
• comparison WITHOUT comparison particle (like, as)
• analogy between concepts that don‘t have anything in common
• deviation, non-conventional, transfer of meaning
• based on sensual rather than on mental experience (verbal
imagery)

Question 19

anaphora

Answer 19

repetition at beginning of verse:

Question 20

epiphora

Answer 20

repetition at the end of verse

Question 21

chiasmus

Answer 21

reversal of structures in successive clauses

Question 22

ellipsis

Answer 22

omission of syntactic elements

Question 23

parralellism

Answer 23

repetiton of syntactic structure

Question 24

poem’s metaphorical structure

Answer 24

• Isotopies: Which units of meaning are
repeated?
• Areas of reference: Which areas of
experience do a poem‘s metaphors
belong to?
• Structure within each individual
metaphor
• relationship/dynamic between a
poem‘s metaphors

Question 25

isotopies

Answer 25

units of meaning that are repeated

Question 26

synaesthesia

Answer 26

special type of metaphor; unites several senses

Question 27

personification

Answer 27

special type of metaphor; anthropomorphising something (=making it human) or making it animate

Question 28

simile

Answer 28

comparison, WITH comparative particle

Question 29

metonymy

Answer 29

vehicle is closely associated with the tenor(REAL relationship tenor & vehicle!)

Question 30

euphemism

Answer 30

reference to something sad or distasteful by means of a milder, more positive term

Question 31

hyperbole

Answer 31

excessive exaggeration

Question 32

irony

Answer 32

meaning something very different from/the opposite of what is said

Question 33

litotes

Answer 33

reference to something by negating its opposite

Question 34

oxymoron

Answer 34

combination of contradictory terms