Session 2

Question 1

What bones meet at the Pterion?

Answer 1

Frontal
Parietal
Sphenoidal
Temporal

Question 2

What is clinically important about the Pterion?

Answer 2

It is the weak point of the skull so is more likely to fracture in trauma
Location of a branch of the middle meningeal artery which can bleed profusely

Question 3

Which are the typical cervical vertebrae?

Answer 3

C3->C6

Question 4

What are the atypical cervical vertebrae?

Answer 4

C1, C2, & C7

Question 5

What are some of the properties of a typical cervical vertebrae?

Answer 5

Bifid spinous process
Vertebral/Transverse foramen for vertebral artery
Large middle foramen for the many nerves exciting the brain

Question 6

What are the properties of C1? (Atlas)

Answer 6

No body
No spinous process
Does the movement of yes

Question 7

What are the properties of C2? (Axis)

Answer 7

Bifid spinous process
Has adeontoid peg (Dens)
Does the movement of no

Question 8

Is there an intervertebral disc between C1 & C2?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

What prevents the dislocation of the dens into the spinal cord?

Answer 9

The posterior spinal ligament becomes the cruciform ligament in this area. This gives major reinforcement over the dens process.

Question 10

What are the properties of C7?

Answer 10

Prominent spinous process that is NOT bifid

Large transverse process

Question 11

What is a Burst (Jefferson) fracture?

Answer 11

Usually happens to C1

The patient falls on their head from a height resulting in the vertebrae breaking

Question 12

What is a Hangman’s fracture?

Answer 12

The Atlas is snapped so the dens pushes into the spinal cord resulting in death..
It is caused by hyperextension of the head on the neck

Question 13

How many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 13

8 cranial nerves (First one exits above C1)

Question 14

What is the only movable joint of the skull?

Answer 14

The Temporo-mandibular joint (Bilateral movement)

Question 15

What are most of the joints of the skull?

Answer 15

Symphises/sutures (Fibrous joints)

Question 16

What bones usually house the brain?

Answer 16

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Occipital

Question 17

What is the major opening in the skull?

Answer 17

The foramen magnum which is on the inferior of the skull

Question 18

What increases the strength of the sutures of the skull?

Answer 18

The bones have serrated edges so they can interlock firmly. This makes them stronger and less likely to be unlocked by forced applied in one direction

Question 19

What is the structure of the bones making the skull?

Answer 19

Tri-lamina bony structure (2 plates of compact bone with 1 middle layer of spongy bone called Diploe)

Question 20

Which bones of the skull are thickest?

Answer 20

Occipital
Frontal
Due to many muscles attaching here

Question 21

Which bones are the skull are thinnest?

Answer 21

Pterion

Lots of muscles here

Question 22

What are some of the cavities of the skull?

Answer 22

The orbit
Auditory canal
Cranial cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity

Question 23

What makes the Mandible?

Answer 23

The left and right mandible are joined at the midline by a fibrous joint called the mental symphises

Question 24

What is the Calvaria?

Answer 24

Houses the brain

Made of cap and base

Question 25

What bones make the cap of the Calvaria?

Answer 25

Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal

Question 26

What is the Coronal suture?

Answer 26

In the anterior part of the skull. Between the frontal and parietal bones of the skull

Question 27

What is the Bregma?

Answer 27

Where the Coronal suture meets the Longitudinal suture

Question 28

What is the Lambdoid suture?

Answer 28

In the posterior part of the skull. Between the Parietal and Occipital bones of the skull

Question 29

What is the Lambda?

Answer 29

Where the Lambdoid suture meets the Longitudinal suture

Question 30

What is at the posterior of the cap?

Answer 30

A foramina for the emissary veins

Question 31

What bones make the Cranial floor?

Answer 31

``` Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid Temporal Occipital Palatine plate ```

Question 32

How many fossa are there in the cranial floor?

Answer 32

3

Question 33

What is the purpose of cranial floor fossas?

Answer 33

Make the skull lighter Allow things to pass in and out of the skull *However, can fracture when there is an increase in energy input*

Question 34

What enters the cranial cavity?

Answer 34

Sensory nerves Arterial supply to brain and meninges Sympathetic fibres from the spinal cord Venous blood (*Route for infection*)

Question 35

How is the frontal bone formed?

Answer 35

The left and right frontal bones fuse

Question 36

How can a fracture of the Ethmoid bone lead to a loss of smell?

Answer 36

The Olfactory nerves pass through it so can be damaged when there is a frature

Question 37

What are the 2 cell types in the Ethmoid sinuses?

Answer 37

Bulla - Bigger buldges | Air cells

Question 38

What is the strongest bone in the body?

Answer 38

The Temporal bone

Question 39

What are the 6 parts of the Temporal bone?

Answer 39

``` Squamous Mastoid Tympanic Styloid process Zygomatic process Petroud part (Seen when looking at inside) ```

Question 40

What is a Fontanelle?

Answer 40

Soft membranous gaps between the incompletely formed cranial bones of an infant. In position of the Bregma and Lambda in adults

Question 41

What is the importance of Fontanelles?

Answer 41

Close during vaginal birth due to pressure - protects the brain Allow the brain to grow quickly without restriction

Question 42

How can premature vaginal births lead to brain damage?

Answer 42

The Fontanelles may not have formed properly leading to the incomplete closure during vaginal birth and therefore brain damage