Session 7

Question 1

What are the 3 parts of the nose?

Answer 1

Ala
Naris
Dorsum

Question 2

What is the Vestibule?

Answer 2

The entrance of the nasal cavity, it has vibrissae which are course hairs

Question 3

What are the two linings of the nose?

Answer 3

Below the limen nasi is skin

Superior to the limen nasi is mucosal lining (Continuous with areas draining into the cavity)

Question 4

What is a complication of nasal fractures?

Answer 4

Septal haematoma

Question 5

What can a nasal fracture lead to?

Answer 5

Deformity, but can be hard to notice initially due to oedema

Question 6

What is the Choanae?

Answer 6

The opening at the posterior of the nasal cavity

Question 7

What makes up the floor of the nasal cavity?

Answer 7

Palatine bone of the maxilla

Question 8

What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

Answer 8

Conchae (Prominent bony spurs)

Question 9

What is the function of the Conchae?

Answer 9

Allow for heat exchange and humidity
Increased surface area
Increase turbulance of air flow which allows mixing

Question 10

What makes up the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

Answer 10

Smooth wall with the septum

Anteriorly has cartilage, ethmoid bone and vomer bone

Question 11

What are the passages into the nasal cavity?

Answer 11

Sphenoethmoidal recess

Superior, middle and inferior meatus

Question 12

What are ethmoidal labyrinths?

Answer 12

A honeycomb like bone that has ethmoidal air cells and bulla

Has frontonasal ducts

Question 13

What property of the cribiform plate aids its function?

Answer 13

It has many holes for the olfactory nerves

Question 14

What is the Infundibulum?

Answer 14

A groove penetrating the ethmoidal labyrinth

Question 15

What does the Foramen cecum contain?

Answer 15

It is a passageway that allows nasal veins through to the superior sagittal sinus

Question 16

What does the Sphenopalatine foramen contain?

Answer 16

sphenopalatine artery, vein

posterior superior nasal nerves.

Question 17

What are the arteries supplying the nose?

Answer 17

Superior labial
Sphenopalatine
Greater palatine
Anterior ethmoidal
Posterior ethmoidal
*Many Anastomoses*

Question 18

What is the Superior labial artery a branch of?

Answer 18

The facial artery (From the External Carotid artery)

Question 19

What are the Sphenopalatine and Greater palatine arteries branches of?

Answer 19

The Maxillary artery (From the External Carotid artery)

Question 20

What are the Anterior and Posterior ethmoidal arteries branches of?

Answer 20

The Opthalmic artery (From the Internal Carotid artery)

Question 21

What is the venous drainage of the nose?

Answer 21

Cavernous sinus
Facial vein
Pterygoid plexus

Question 22

What is Kiesselbach’s plexus?

Answer 22

Aka Little’s area

Extensive long capillary loops just below the mucosal lining of the nose, between the limen nasae

Question 23

What 2 groups of people are more prone to Epistaxis?

Answer 23

Young children (2-10)
Elderly

Question 24

What is Epistaxis?

Answer 24

Bleeding from the nose

Question 25

What are the 2 main causes for Epistaxis?

Answer 25

``` Local causes (Mainly in children) Systemic causes such as coagulation issues ```

Question 26

Where can the bleed causing an Epistaxis occur?

Answer 26

Anteriorly at the Keisselbach's plexus (In 90% of cases) | Posteriorly at the sphenopalatine artery (In the sphenopalatine foramen, worse pathology)

Question 27

What is Nasal septum deviation?

Answer 27

There is narrowing/obstruction on one side of the nares due to the septum not being placed equally in the middle. Can be congenital or aquired

Question 28

What is the Saddle nose deformity?

Answer 28

There is necrosis of the Nasal septum due to injury

Question 29

What is the general innervation to the septum and lateral wall of the nose?

Answer 29

``` Opthalmic nerve (CN V1) Maxillary nerve (CN V2) ```

Question 30

What is the special sensory innervation to the nose?

Answer 30

The olfactory nerve

Question 31

What is the olfactory region?

Answer 31

Olfactory cells with olfactory receptors. | The turbinates ensure odor spreads across the olfactory cells

Question 32

Where does the Maxillary sinus drain into?

Answer 32

The middle meatus

Question 33

Where does the Frontal sinus drain into?

Answer 33

Middle meatus via the frontonasal duct (A bony tube passing through the ethmoid bone)

Question 34

What innervates the external nose?

Answer 34

``` Infraorbital nerve (CN V2) External nasal nerve (CN V1) ```

Question 35

Where does the Sphenoid sinus drain into?

Answer 35

Directly into the nasal cavity

Question 36

Where do the Ethmoidal air cells drain into?

Answer 36

Anterior cells - Middle meatus via the infundibulum Middle cells (Bulla) - Directly into Middle meatus Posterior cells - Superior meatus

Question 37

What is Rhinitis?

Answer 37

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa causing swelling and an increase in the volume of secretions

Question 38

What are some of the causes of Rhinitis?

Answer 38

Infection (Viral, or secondary bacterial to viral) Allergic Nasal polyps

Question 39

What is a Nasal polyp?

Answer 39

A sac like structure with many eosinophils | Swollen with lots of oedema

Question 40

Where do Nasal polyps usually grow?

Answer 40

Close to the ostiomeatal complex of the nasopharynx (Posteriorly)

Question 41

What can Nasal polyps cause?

Answer 41

Nasal obstruction leading to snoring or obstructive sleep apnoea

Question 42

What is Sinusitis?

Answer 42

Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the sinuses | *Can cause thickening of the mucosal lining leading to obstruction*