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Musculoskeletal System > Session 2 - Spine Part 1 > Flashcards

Session 2 - Spine Part 1 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

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2
Q

How do dermatomes develop embryologically?

A

Somites differentiates into sclerotome and dermamyotome which then differentiates into dermatome and myotome

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3
Q

What does T4/5 dermatome innervate?

A

Nipples

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4
Q

What does T10 dermatome innervate?

A

Umbilicus

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5
Q

What does L1 dermatome innervate?

A

Groin

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6
Q

What is the anatomical definition of neural level?

A

Neural segment of the CNS

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7
Q

What is endoneurium?

A

Layer of connective tissue surrounding each axon

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8
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Group of axons bundled together

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9
Q

What is a perineurium?

A

Layer of connective tissue wrapping each fascicle

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10
Q

What is a epineurium?

A

Layer of connective tissue surrounding a group of fascicles

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11
Q

What is vasa nervorum?

A

Blood vessels of nerves in epineurium

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12
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

Mixed nerve that carries motor, sensory and autonomic signals between body and spinal cord

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13
Q

What does the vertebral foramen do?

A

Spinal cord runs through

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14
Q

What forms the spinal canal?

A

Multiple vertebrae foramina

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15
Q

What are intervertebral foramina?

A

Gaps between the vertebrae

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16
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Starts at medulla oblongata, base of brain stem

Ends at conus medullaris at L2

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17
Q

Where is the cauda equina located?

A

Below conus medullaris

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18
Q

How do cervical spinal roots emerge and what is the exception?

A

All merge above corresponding vertebral body with exception of 8th cervical spinal root, with emerges below C7 and above T1

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19
Q

How do the thoracic nerve roots exit?

A

Inferior to vertebral body

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20
Q

What does posterior or dorsal ramus supply?

A

Deep muscles and skin of dorsal trunk

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21
Q

What does the anterior or ventral ramus supply?

A

Muscles and skin of upper and lower limbs and lateral and ventral trunk

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22
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Group of muscle fibres supplied by a single spinal nerve

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23
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Single motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

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24
Q

What are the 2 actions that C5 myotome do?

A

Shoulder abduction and external rotation

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25
What are the 3 actions that C6 myotome do?
Elbow flexion Wrist extension Supination
26
What are the 3 actions that C7 myotome do?
Elbow extension Wrist flexion Pronation
27
What are the 2 actions that C8 myotome do?
Finger flexion | Finger extension
28
What are the 2 actions that T1 myotome do?
Finger abduction | Finger abduction
29
What is the action that L2 myotome do?
Hip flexion
30
What is the action that L3 myotome does?
Knee extension
31
What is the action that L4 myotome does?
Ankle dorsiflexion
32
What is the action that L5 myotome does?
Great toe extension
33
What is the action that S1 myotome does?
Ankle plantar flexion
34
What is the action that S2 myotome does?
Great toe flexion
35
What is the clinical definition of neural level?
Lowest level of fully intact sensation and motor function
36
What are the 2 regions of an intervertebral disc?
Nucleus pulposus | Annulus fibrosus
37
What are the 2 major ligaments of the vertebral column?
Anterior longitudinal and posterior longitudinal ligaments
38
What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
Prevent hyperextension
39
What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Prevents hyper flexion
40
What is the function of interspinous ligaments?
Resist hyper flexion
41
What do the cauda equina innervate?
Pelvic organs and lower limbs
42
What is the primary curvature?
C-shaped concave anteriorly
43
What is a kyphosis?
Anterior flexion or anteriorly concave curvature
44
What is a lordosis?
Posterior flexion or posterior lay concave curvature
45
What is mechanical back pain?
Pain when spine is loaded, that worsens with exercise and is relieved by rest
46
What is marginal osteophytosis?
Osteocytes develop adjacent to the end plates of discs
47
How does degenerative changes in vertebral column cause radicular or nerve pain?
Disc height decreases and arthritis develops in facet joints and vertebral bodies, intervertebral foramina decreases in size and compresses spinal nerves
48
What are the 4 stages of disc herniation?
Disc degeneration Prolapse Extrusion Sequestration
49
What happens during disc degeneration?
Chemical changes associated with seeing causes discs to dehydrate and bulge
50
What happens during prolapse?
Protrusion of nucleus pulposus occurs with slight impingement into spinal canal but still contained within annulus fibrosus
51
What happens during extrusion?
Nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus but is still contained within disc space
52
What happens during sequestration?
Nucleus pulposus separates from main body of disc and enters spinal canal
53
What are the 2 most common sites for slipped discs?
L4/5 | L5/S1
54
What is an existing nerve root?
Nerve root that emerges from spinal canal at same level as intervertebral disc
55
What is a traversing nerve root?
Nerve root that emerges at the level below
56
What kind of nerve root does far lateral disc herniation compress?
Exiting
57
What kind of nerve root does paracentral herniation compress?
Traversing
58
What is sciatica?
Pain caused by irritation or compression of one or more of the nerve roots that contribute to the sciatic nerve
59
Where is pain typically experienced in sciatica?
Back and buttock, radiates to dermatome supplied by affected nerve root
60
What is cauda equina syndrome?
When there is a canal filling disc that compresses the lumbar and sacral nerve roots within the spinal canal
61
What are 5 red flag symptoms of cauda equina?
``` Bilateral sciatica Perianal numbness Painless retention of urine Urinary incontinence Erectile dysfunction ```
62
How to treat cauda equina syndrome?
Surgical decompression within 48 hours of onset of sphincter st,proms
63
What is spinal canal stenosis?
Abnormal narrowing of spinal canal that compresses either spinal cord or nerve roots
64
What is neurogenic claudication?
Compression of spinal nerves as they emerge from lumnosacral spinal cord causes ischaemia and causes pain and or or paraesthesia
65
What is spondylolosthesis?
Anterior displacement of the vertebra above relative to the vertebra below
66
What is a lumbar puncture?
Withdrawal of fluid from subarachnoid space of the lumbar cistern

Musculoskeletal System (9 decks)

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