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Musculoskeletal System > Session 5 - Foot And Ankle > Flashcards

Session 5 - Foot And Ankle Flashcards

(150 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 groups of bones of the foot?

A

Tarsal bones
Metatarsals
Phalanges

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2
Q

What are tarsal bones?

A

Set of 7 irregularly shaped bones situated proximally in foot

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3
Q

What are metatarsals?

A

Five metatarsals connecting the phalanges to the tarsal bones

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4
Q

What are phalanges?

A

Bones of the toes

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5
Q

How many phalanges does each toe have?

A

Each toe has 3 except big toe which has 2

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6
Q

What are 3 regions can the foot be divided into?

A

Hind foot
Mid foot
Forefoot

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7
Q

What are the 2 bones that the hind foot is made up of?

A

Talus and calcaneus

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8
Q

What are the 3 bones that midfoot is made up of?

A

Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiform

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9
Q

What are 2 bones that the forefoot is made up of?

A

Metatarsals

Phalanges

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10
Q

What is the function of the talus?

A

Transmits weight of body from tibia to calcaneus

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11
Q

What are the 3 articulations of the talus?

A

Ankle joint
Subtalar joint
Talonavicular joint

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12
Q

Why is there a high risk of avascular necrosis if talus is fractured?

A

Lack of muscle attachments and retrograde blood supply

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13
Q

What are the 2 articulations of the calcaneus?

A

Subtalar joint

Calcaneocuboid joint

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14
Q

What is the function of the calcaneus?

A

Take full weight of the body when heel contacts the ground when walking

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15
Q

What is the function of the calcaneal tuberosity?

A

Achilles tendon attaches

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16
Q

What are the 2 bones of the proximal row of tarsal bones?

A

Calcaneus

Talus

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17
Q

What is the bone in intermediate row of tarsal bones?

A

Navicular

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18
Q

What are the 4 tarsal bones in the distal row?

A

Cuboid

Lateral, intermediate and medial cuneiforms

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19
Q

What is the shape of cuneiforms?

A

Wedge shaped

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20
Q

What are the 3 muscles that insert onto the medial cuneiform?

A

Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Peroneus longus

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21
Q

What are tarsometatarsal joints?

A

Joint between metatarsal bones and tarsal bones

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22
Q

What are intermetatarsal joints?

A

Joints between metatarsals and adjacent metatarsals

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23
Q

What are metatarsophalangeal joints?

A

Joints between metatarsal head and proximal phalanx

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24
Q

What kind of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Hinge

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25
What are the movements that are permitted by ankle joint?
Doris flexion | Plantarflexion
26
What fits into the ankle mortise?
Trochlea of the talus
27
What are the 3 parts of the lateral ligament?
Anterior talofibular ligament Posterior talofibular ligament Calcaneofibular ligament
28
What does the lateral ligament resist?
Inversion
29
What is another name for the medial ligaments?
Deltoid
30
What is the function of the medial ligament?
Resists excessive eversion
31
What is the functional significance of inversion and eversion?
Allow walking on uneven surfaces
32
What is the function of the subtalar joint?
Where eversion and inversion takes place
33
What are the main weight bearing bones during standing?
Heel | Head of metatarsals
34
What are the 3 arches of the foot?
Anterior transverse Medial longitudinal Lateral longitudinal
35
What are the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior Extensor digitarum longus Extensor hallucis longus Peroneus tertius
36
What are the 2 movements of the anterior muscles of the leg?
Dorsiflex | Inversion
37
What are the 2 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg that extends the toes?
Extensor digitorum longus | Extensor hallucis longus
38
What is the muscles in the anterior compartment innervated by?
Deep peroneal nerve
39
What provides blood supply to anterior compartment of leg?
Anterior tibial artery
40
What are the 2 movements of tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
41
What is the innervation of tibialis anterior?
Deep peroneal nerve
42
What are the 2 actions of the extensor digitorum longus?
Extension of 4 lateral toes and dorsiflexion of foot
43
What is extensor digitorum longus innervated by?
Deep fibular nerve
44
What are the 2 actions of extensor hallucis longus?
Extension of great toe | Dorsiflexion of foot
45
What is innervatioon of extensor hallucis longus?
Deep fibular nerve
46
What are the 2 actions of the peroneus tertius?
Eversion | Dorsiflexion of the foot
47
What is the innervation of peroneus tertius?
Deep fibular nerve
48
What are the 2 muscles in the lateral component of the leg?
Peroneus longus | Peroneus brevis
49
What is the function of the peroneus longus and brevis?
Few degrees of eversion and prevent excessive inversion
50
What are the 3 actions of peroneus longus?
Everts Assists in plantarflexion Supports medial and transverse arches
51
What is the innervation of peroneus longus?
Superficial fibular nerve L4-S1
52
What are the 2 actions of the peroneus brevis?
Everts | Support lateral longitudinal arch
53
What is the innervation of peroneus brevis?
Superficial fibular nerve L4-S1
54
What are the 2 smaller compartments of the posterior leg?
Deep and superficial
55
What are the 2 actions of the posterior compartment?
Plantar flex | Inversion
56
What is the posterior compartment of the leg innervated by?
Tibial nerve
57
How do the muscles of superficial posterior compartment of the leg insert into the calcaneus?
Calcaneal / Achilles’ tendon
58
What are the 2 bursae associated with the calcaneal tendon?
Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa | Deep calcaneal bursa
59
What are the 2 actions of the gastrocnemius?
Plantar flex foot | Knee flexion
60
What is the innervation of the gastrocnemius?
Tibial nerve
61
What are the 2 functions of the plantaris?
Weak plantarflexor and knee flexor
62
What is innervation of the plantaris?
Tibial nerve
63
What is the action of the soleus?
Plantarflex foot
64
What is the innervation of the soleus?
Tibial nerve
65
What are the 4 muscles in the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
Popliteus Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus
66
What is the action of the popliteus?
Laterally rotate femur on tibia to unlock knee joint so flexion can occur
67
What is the innervation of popliteus?
Tibial nerve
68
What is are the 3 actions of the tibialis posterior?
Inversion Plantar flexion Maintain medial arch
69
What is the innervation of tibialis posterior?
Tibial nerve
70
What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus?
Flexes lateral 4 toes and assists in plantarflexion of ankle and inversion of midfoot
71
What is flexor digitorum longus innervated by?
Tibial nerve
72
What is flexor hallucis longus action?
Flexes great toe and assists in plantar flexion of ankle and inversion of midfoot
73
What is flexor hallucis longus innervated by?
Tibial nerve
74
What is the tibial nerve?
Larger terminal branch of sciatic nerve
75
What is the root values of tibial nerve?
L4-S3
76
What are the 3 parts of the thigh and leg that tibial nerve supplies?
Posterior thigh Superficial posterior leg Deep posterior leg
77
What is the common peroneal nerve?
Smaller terminal branch of sciatic nerve
78
What are the root values of the common peroneal nerve?
L4-S2
79
What is the muscle supplied by the common peroneal nerve?
Short head of biceps femoris
80
Which compartment of the leg does the superficial peroneal nerve innervate?
Lateral compartment of leg
81
What is the compartment that the deep peroneal nerve innervates?
Anterior compartment of leg
82
What are the 6 structures that pass behind the medial malleolus?
``` Tibialis posterior Flexor Digitorum longus Posterior tibial Artery Posterior tibial Vein tibial Nerve Flexor Hallucis longus ```
83
What are the 4 pulses in the lower limb?
Femoral Popliteal Dorsalis pedis Posterior tibial
84
How to palpate femoral pulse?
Mid inguinal point
85
How to palpate popliteal pulse?
Slightly flex leg, press fingers deep behind knee in the popliteal fossa
86
How to palpate dorsalis pedis?
Dorsum of foot, immediately lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon
87
How to palpate tibial pulse?
Below and behind medial malleolus
88
What are the 4 borders of the popliteal fossa?
Semimembranosus Biceps femoris Medial head of gastrocnemius Lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris
89
What is compartment syndrome?
Trauma to fascial compartment leads to haemorrhage and oedema and cause a rise in intra-compartmental pressure
90
What are 2 clinical signs of compartment syndrome?
Severe pain in limb, excessive for degree of injury | Exacerbated by passive stretch of muscles
91
What should be performed to treat compartment syndrome?
Fasciotomy
92
What is are 3 short term consequences of compartment syndrome?
Rhabdomyolysis Distal paraesthesia Loss of motor function
93
What are 2 long term consequences of compartment syndrome?
Acute kidney injury | Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture if necrotic muscle undergoes fibrosis
94
What are 2 most common ankle fractures?
Inversion or eversion
95
What is a fracture blister?
Overlying soft tissues blister
96
What are open ankle fractures?
Skin barrier is breached and there is direct communication between fracture and external environment
97
What is a talar shift?
Ankle mortise becomes unstable and widens so talus can shift medially or laterally within the ankle joint
98
How are stable ankle fractures treated?
Air cast boot or fiberglass cast
99
How are unstable ankle fractures treated?
Surgical stabilization
100
What is an ankle sprain?
Partial or complete tear of one or more ligaments of ankle joint
101
Which ligament is most at risk of ankle sprains?
Anterior talofibular ligament
102
What are 3 ways to rupture Achilles’ tendon?
Making a forceful push off with extended knee Fall with ankle dorsiflexed Falling from a height
103
What are 5 symptoms and signs of Achilles’ tendon rupture?
``` Sudden and severe pain at back of ankle Sound of a loud pop or snap Palpable gap or depression in tendon Pain and swelling and bruising Cannot tip toe or push off while walking ```
104
What test to use for ruptured Achilles’ tendon?
Thompson’s test or Simmonds Test
105
What is the Simmons test?
Foot cannot plantar flex
106
What are the 3 features of hallux valgus?
Varus deviation of the first metatarsal Valgus deviation of hallux Prominence of first metatarsal head
107
What is hallux rigidus?
Osteoarthritis of 1st metatarsophalangeal joint resulting in stiffness
108
What is arthroplasty?
Joint replacement
109
What is arthrodesis?
Joint fusion
110
What is excision arthroplasty?
Surgical removal of joint with interposition of soft tissue
111
What is osteotomy?
Surgical cutting of bone to allow realignment
112
What is claw toe?
Affects 4 lateral toes, flexed at PIP a joint
113
What usually causes claw toe?
Neurological damage
114
What is Achilles tendinopathy?
Degenerative process of Achilles’ tendon
115
What is flat foot?
Medial arch collapsed
116
What is flexible flat feet?
No medial arch when standing normally but normal medial arch appears when standing on tip toe
117
How does rigid flat feet occur?
Tarsal coalition - tarsal bones did not separate during embryonic development
118
How do you acquire flatfoot in an adult?
Dysfunctional tibialis posterior tendon
119
What is Charcot arthropathy?
Progressive destruction of bones, joints and soft tissues in ankle and foot
120
What is gait?
Mechanism by which the body is transported using coordinated movements of the major lower limb joints
121
What are 2 phases of gait?
Stance and swing
122
What is stance phase?
Time in which foot is in contact with ground and is bearing weight
123
What is swing phase?
Time during which foot is not in contact with ground
124
What is gait cycle!
Period of time from initial contact to next initial contact on same side of the body
125
What are 5 important attributes needed for normal gait?
``` Stability in stance Foot clearance during swing Pre positioning for initial contact Adequate step length Energy conservation ```
126
What are periods of double support?
When both feet are in contact with the ground
127
What is double float?
When neither foot is in contact with the ground
128
What are the 5 subdivisions of stance phase?
Initial contact Loading response Mid stance terminal stance Pre swing
129
What are the 3 subdivisions of swing phase?
Initial Mid Terminal
130
What is stride?
Distance from initial contact with one leg to the next initial contact with the same leg
131
What is step?
Distance from initial contact with one leg to initial contact with opposite leg
132
What is cadence?
Number of steps per minute
133
What is kinematics?
Motion
134
What is kinetics?
Forces and moments that cause motions
135
What is concentric contraction?
Shortening of muscle
136
What is the purpose of concentric contraction?
Acceleration and power generation
137
What is eccentric contraction?
Lengthening
138
What is the purpose of eccentric contraction?
Deceleration and shock absorption
139
What is the purpose of isometric contraction?
Stability
140
What is antalgic gait?
Walks with a limp to reduce pain
141
How to treat antalgic gait?
Use walking stick with hand opposite painful limb to shift their center of gravity away from painful limb
142
What is Tredelenburg gait?
Pelvis drops on unaffected side, line of gravity might shift toward affected hip
143
What is a hemipelgic gait?
Paralysis of one side of body, flexed upper limb and extended lower limb, leans towards unaffected side and circus duct the paralysed leg
144
What is dipelgic gait?
Spasticity affects both limbs, narrow gait, drags both legs and scissoring foot,
145
What is high stoppage gait?
Weakness of ankle dorsiflexion, flexes hip much higher to lift their foot high off the ground, foot slaps down onto ground
146
What is Parkinsonian gait?
Short step, flexes neck and leans forward to move their centre of gravity in front, shuffling gait, loss of arm swing
147
What is ataxic gait?
Lumpy, staggering movements with broad base, arms outwards to improve balance, body may sway back and forth
148
How to remember tendon insertion in the pes aserinus?
Say - sartorius Grace - gracillus Before Tea - semitendinosus
149
How to remember action of muscles supplied by common peroneal nerve?
PED - common peroneal everts and dorsiflexes
150
How to remember action of muscles supplied by tibial nerve?
TIP | tibial inverts and plantar flexes - cannot walk on tip toes

Musculoskeletal System (9 decks)

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