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Musculoskeletal System > Session 7 - Cervical And Thoracic Spine > Flashcards

Session 7 - Cervical And Thoracic Spine Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 atypical cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 C2 and C7

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2
Q

What are the 4 typical cervical vertebrae?

A

C3-6

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3
Q

What are 5 characteristics of typical cervical vertebrae?

A 
Small and broad body
Large triangular vertebral foramen
Bifid spinous process
Transverse foramen in transverse process
Articular facets 45 degrees to axial plane
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4
Q

What is the atlas?

A

C1

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5
Q

What are 3 key characteristics of the atlas?

A

Widest cervical vertebrae
No vertebral body
No spinous process

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6
Q

What are 2 joints on the atlas?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

Atlanta-axial joint

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7
Q

What is the atlanta-occipital joint made of?

A

Occiput of skull and atlas vertebra

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8
Q

What is the atlanto-axial joint made up of?

A

Atlas and axis

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9
Q

What is the axis?

A

C2

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10
Q

What are 3 key characteristics of the axis?

A

Strongest cervical vertebra
Rugged lateral mass
Large spinous process

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11
Q

What is odontoid process?

A

Dens or otondoid pegs - vestigial remnant of body of C1 projects vertically upwards from body of axias

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12
Q

What is atlantoaxial instability?

A

Excessive movement between C1 and C2 vertebrae

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13
Q

What is vertebra prominens?

A

C7

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14
Q

What are 4 key features of C7?

A

Longest spinous process
Not bifid spinous process
Large transverse process
Small foramen transversarium

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15
Q

What does the foramen transversarium transmit?

A

Accessory vertebral veins

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16
Q

Do thoracic and lumbar spinal nerve roots exit below or above named vertebrae?

A

Below

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17
Q

Do cervical nerve roots exit above or below named vertebrae?

A

Above

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18
Q

During a lumbar paracentral disc herniation, which nerve root is compressed?

A

Traversing

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19
Q

During a cervical intervertebral disc prolapse, which nerve root is compressed?

A

Exiting

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20
Q

What is ligamentum nuchae?

A

Thickening of supraspinous ligament

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21
Q

What is the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Ligament running in front of vertebrae

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22
Q

What is the function of anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevent hyperextension

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23
Q

What is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Behind vertebral bodies

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24
Q

What is the function of posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevents hyper flexion

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25
What are the 6 possible movements of the cervical spine?
``` Extension Flexion Left lateral flexion Right lateral flexion Left rotation Right rotation ```
26
What are 6 key features of thoracic vertebrae?
``` Medium and heart shape body Small circular vertebral foramen Prominent transverse processes w costal facets Demi or whole facets Long spinous process Articular facets at 20 degrees ```
27
What are 2 movements of thoracic spine?
Lateral flexion and rotation
28
What are 5 key features of lumbar vertebra?
``` Large kidney shaped body Triangular shaped canal Large blunt transverse processes Short blunt spinous processes Facet joints orientated at 90 degrees ```
29
What is cervical spondylosis?
Chronic degenerative osteoarthritis affecting intervertebral joints in cervical spine
30
What are costal facets?
Facets articulating with heads of ribs
31
Why does radiculopathy occur due to cervical spondylosis?
Narrowing of intervertebral foramina puts pressure on spinal nerves
32
What are 2 symptoms of radiculopathy?
Dermatomal sensory symptoms and myotomal motor weakness
33
How does myelopathy occur due to cervical spondylosis?
Narrowing of spinal canal can put pressure on spinal cord, leading to compression and dysfunction of ascending and descending tracts within spinal cord
34
What are 4 symptoms of myelopathy?
Global muscle weakness Gait dysfunction Loss of balance Loss of bowel and bladder control
35
What is Jefferson’s fracture?
Fracture of anterior and posterior arches of the atlas vertebra
36
What is the mechanism of injury for Jefferson’s fracture?
Axial loading
37
How does Jefferson’s fracture look like?
Broken polo mint
38
Why is there no neurological signs for Jefferson’s fracture?
Bursting open of bone fragments reduces likelihood of impingement of spinal cord
39
What is a Hangman’s fracture?
Axis vertebra fractured through pars interarticularis
40
What is the mechanism of injury for Hangman’s fracture?
Forcible hyperextension of head on neck
41
What are 2 causes of fractures of odontoid process?
Flexion or extension injuries
42
What is whiplash injury?
Forceful hyperextension hyper flexion injury of cervical spine
43
What is the classical mechanism of whiplash injury?
Patients car being struck from rear leading to an acceleration deceleration injury
44
What is cervical myelopathy?
Spinal cord dysfunction due to compression of the cord is caused by narrowing of spinal canal
45
What is a common cause of cervical myelopathy?
Degenerative stenosis of spinal canal caused by cervical spondylosis
46
What is Hoffman’s test?
Hold patient middle finger at middle phalanx and flick fingernail, if no movement = normal
47
What is Babinski sign?
Lateral side of sole of the foot is stroked with a blunt instrument from heel towards the toes, if flexor = normal
48
What is L’Hermitte’s phenomenon?
Sensation of intermittent electric shocks in limbs, exacerbated by neck flexion
49
What are the 2 commonest cause of thoracic cord compression?
Vertebral fractures and tumors in spinal canal
50
What are 3 routes pathogens can spread to bones and tissues of the spine?
Haematogenous Direct inoculation Spread from adjacent soft tissue infection
51
What is the most common organism to infect spinal canal?
Staphylococcus aureus
52
What are the five parts that the brachial plexus can be divided into?
``` Roots (real) Trunks (teenagers) Divisions (drink) Cords (cold) Branches (beer) ```
53
What are the roots of the brachial plexus formed by?
Anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1
54
What are the 3 trunks that the roots converge to form?
Superior trunk Middle trunk Inferior trunk
55
What is superior trunk made of?
C5 and C6
56
What is middle trunk made of?
C7
57
What is the inferior trunk made of?
C8 and T1
58
What are the 2 divisions the trunk divides into?
Anterior and posterior
59
What are the 3 cords that the divisions combine to form?
Lateral Posterior Medial
60
What are the 5 major branches of brachial plexus?
``` Musculocutaneous Axillary Median Radial Ulnar ```
61
What is a common cause of injuries to upper brachial plexus?
Excessive increase in angle between neck and shoulder
62
What is Erb’s palsy?
Upper brachial plexus injury causes limb to hang by the side in internal rotation with addicted arm and extended elbow
63
What is Klumpke’s palsy?
Injury to lower brachial plexus due to forced hyperextension or hyper abduction causes claw hand with hyperextension of all metacarpophalangeal joints, flexion of interphalangeal joints, abduction of thumb
64
What are the spinal nerve roots for the five major brachial plexus branches?
``` 3 musketeers (musculocutaneous) C5 6 7 Assasinated (axillary) C5 6 4 mice (median) C678T1 5 rats (radial) C5678T1 2 unicorns (ulnar) C8T1 ```
65
Where is the pectoral region?
Anterior chest wall
66
What are the 3 actions of pectoralis major?
Adduction Flex arm at shoulder joints Internally rotate
67
What is the innervation of pectoralis major?
Medial pectoral and lateral pectoral
68
What is the action of pectoralis minor?
Stabilizes scapula by drawing it anteroinferiorly against thoracic wall
69
What is pectoralis minor innervated by?
Medial pectoral nerve
70
What is serratus anterior’s action?
Rotates medial border anteroinferiorly
71
What is serratus anterior innervated by?
Long thoracic nerve
72
What are 2 actions of coracobrachialis?
Flexor | Weak adductor
73
What are the 2 actions of subclavius?
Anchors and depresses clavicle
74
What is subclavius innervated by?
Nerve to subclavius
75
What are the 3 parts of deltoid muscle?
Anterior middle posterior
76
What is the action of anterior fibres of deltoid muscle?
Flex and medially rotate arm
77
What is the function of middle fibres of deltoid?
Abduct arm
78
Wheat is the action of posterior fibres of deltoid?
Extend and laterally rotate arm
79
What is deltoid muscle innervated by?
Axillary
80
What is the axilla?
Pyramidal space at junction of upper limb and thorax
81
What are 3 main routes by which structures leave axilla?
Into upper limb Quadrangular space Clavipectoral triangle
82
What are the 6 lymph nodes of axilla?
``` Anterior Posterior Infraclavicular Central Apical Lateral ```
83
What is axillary lymphadenopathy?
Enlargement of axillary lymph nodes
84
What are 5 causes of axillary lymphadenopathy?
``` Infection of upper limb Infection pectoral region and breast Metastases from breast cancer Leukaemia or lymphoma Metastases from malignant melanoma in upper limb ```

Musculoskeletal System (9 decks)

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