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Musculoskeletal System > Session 4 - Lower Limb Part 1 > Flashcards

Session 4 - Lower Limb Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the linea aspera?

A

Roughened ridge of bone on the posterior surface of the femoral shaft

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2
Q

What is the pectineal line?

A

Medial border of the linea aspera proximally

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3
Q

Where is the gluteal tuberosity?

A

Lateral border of linea aspera proximally

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4
Q

Where are the medial and lateral supracondylar lines?

A

Medial and lateral borders of linea aspera distally

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5
Q

Where is the trochlear groove?

A

Anterior surface of distal femur, where it articulates with patella

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6
Q

What are medial and lateral epicondyles?

A

Bony elevations above non-articular areas of condyles

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7
Q

Where is the patella located?

A

Anterior aspect of knee joint, within trochlear groove of femur

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8
Q

What is the superior aspect of the patella attached to?

A

Quadriceps tendon

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9
Q

What is the inferior aspect of the patellar attached to?

A

Patellar ligament

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10
Q

What is the tibial plateau?

A

Flat surface of condyles

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11
Q

What is the proximal tibiofibular joint made of?

A

Head of fibula articulating with proximal tibia

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12
Q

What is the intercondylar eminence?

A

Centre of intercondylar area between the tibial condyles

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13
Q

What is the function of the tibia?

A

Weight bearing

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14
Q

What is the function of the fibula?

A

Attachment for muscles

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15
Q

What are 3 main articulations of the fibula?

A

Proximal tibiofibular joint
Distal tibiofibular joint
Ankle joint

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16
Q

Where is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

A

Where the fibula articulates with the lateral condyle of tibia

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17
Q

Where is the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

Where fibula articulates with the fibular notch of tibia

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18
Q

Where is the ankle joint?

A

Where the fibular articulates with talus bone of foot

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19
Q

Where is the common peroneal or fibular nerve located on the fibula?

A

Winds around posterior and lateral surface of the neck of the fibula

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20
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the fibular shaft?

A

Anterior lateral and posterior

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21
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Hinge type synovial joint

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22
Q

What are the 2 articulations of the knee joint?

A

Tibiofemoral

Patellofemoral

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23
Q

Which joint is the weight bearing joint of the knee?

A

Tibiofemoral joint

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24
Q

What are the 4 factors contributing to the stability of the knee joint?

A

Tibial articular surface deepened by menisci
Joint capsule
Ligaments
Musculature

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25
What are the 2 functions of the medial and lateral menisci?
Deepen articular surface of tibia to increase stability | Act as shock absorber by increasing surface area to further dissipate forces
26
What connects the 2 menisci?
Transverse ligament of the knee
27
What stabilizes the posterior horn of lateral meniscus by attaching to the medial femoral condyle?
Posterior meniscofemoral ligament
28
What are the 3 major types of ligaments in the knee joint?
Intracapsular Extracapsular Ligaments that strengthen the capsule
29
What are the 2 intracapsular ligaments?
Anterior cruciate ligament | Posterior cruciate ligament
30
What does the cruciate ligaments connect?
Femur and tibia
31
How are the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments oriented?
PAMs APpLes Posterior passes anterior inserts medially Anterior passes posterior inserts laterally
32
What does the anterior cruciate ligament do?
Attached towards lateral side, so resists anterior translation and medial rotation of tibia
33
What does the PCL do?
Stabilizes weight bearing flexed knee and prevents femur from sliding off anterior edge of tibia, prevents posterior dislocation
34
Which ligament strengthens the joint capsule?
Oblique popliteal ligament posteriorly
35
What are the 2 extracapsular ligaments?
Collateral ligaments and patellar ligament
36
What is the function of the collateral ligaments?
Stabilize hinge motions of knee, prevents excessive medial or lateral angulation of tibia on femur
37
Where does medial collateral ligament attach to?
Medial epicondyle of femur and medial condyle of tibia
38
What is the function of medial collateral ligament?
Resist lateral angulation of tibia on femur
39
Where does the lateral collateral ligament attach to?
Lateral epicondyle of femur and depression on lateral surface of fibular head
40
What is the function of the lateral collateral ligament?
Resist medial angulation of tibia
41
What is a bursa?
A small sac lined by synovial membrane, contains a thin layer of synovial fluid
42
What is the function of a bursa?
Provides a cushion between bones and soft tissues allowing free movement
43
What are the 6 bursae of the knee joint?
``` Suprapatellar Prepatellar Superficial infrapatellar Deep infrapatellar Semimembranosus Subsartorial or pes anserinus ```
44
What are the 4 movements that the knee joint permits?
Extension Flexion Lateral rotation Medial rotation
45
What are the 4 muscles that produces knee extension?
Quadriceps femoris - rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius
46
What are the 3 muscles that produces knee flexion?
Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus
47
What muscle produces lateral rotation?
Biceps femoris
48
What are the 5 muscles that produces knee medial rotation?
``` Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Gracilis Sartorius Popliteus ```
49
How does the knee lock?
Medial rotation of femoral condyles on the tibial plateau and cruciate ligaments tighten
50
How does the knee unlock?
Popliteus contracts, rotates femur laterally by 5 degrees on tibial plateau so flexion of knee can occur
51
Which nerve is the anterior thigh innervates by?
Femoral nerve
52
Which branches and which artery supplies the anterior thigh?
Lateral and medial femoral circumflex arteries | Profunda femoris
53
What are the 4 muscles on the anterior thigh?
Pectineus Sartorius Quadriceps femoris Iliopsoas
54
What are the 2 muscles of the iliopsoas?
Papas major | Iliacus
55
What is the action of the iliopsoas?
Flex lower limb at hip joint | Assist in lateral rotation of femur at hip joint
56
What is psoas major innervated by?
Anterior rami of L1-3
57
What is the iliacus innervated by?
Femoral nerve
58
What are the 4 muscles of quadriceps femoris?
Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius
59
What is the function of the quadriceps femoris?
Main extensor of knee
60
What is the action of vastus lateralis?
Extends knee joint and stabilize patella
61
What is the function of vastus intermedius?
Extends knee joint and stabilize patella
62
What is the function of vastus medialis?
Extends knee joint and stabilize patella
63
What is the action of vastus medialis obliquus?
Resist lateral displacement of patella
64
What is the function of rectus femoris?
Flex thigh at hip joint | Extends leg at knee joint
65
What is the action of sartorius?
Flexes, abduct and externally rotate thigh | Flexes and internally rotate tibia at knee joint
66
What is the function of pectineus?
Adduct and flex thigh at hip joint
67
What is the function of medial thigh muscles?
Hip adductors
68
What are the 5 medial muscles?
``` Gracilis Obturator externus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus ```
69
Which artery supplies the medial thigh?
Obturator artery
70
What are the 2 parts of the adductor magnus?
Adductor and hamstring
71
What is the actions of the adductor component of the adductor magnus?
Adduct thigh | Flex thigh
72
What are the actions of the hamstring component of the thigh?
Adduct thigh | Extend thigh
73
What is the adductor component of the thigh innervated by?
Obturator nerve
74
What is the hamstring component of the adductor magnus innervated by?
Tibial component of sciatic nerve
75
What is the action of adductor longus?
Adduct thigh
76
What is the adductor longus innervated by?
Obturator nerve
77
What is the action of adductor brevis?
Adduct thigh
78
What is the adductor brevis innervated by?
Obturator nerve
79
What is the action of the gracilis?
Adduct thigh at hip | Flex leg at knee
80
What is the action of obturator externus?
Adduct and lateral rotation of thigh
81
What are the 3 borders of the femoral triangle?
Inguinal ligament Medial border of sartorius Medial border of adductor longus
82
What are the 4 contents of the femoral triangle?
Femoral nerve Femoral artery Femoral vein Femoral canal
83
What is the femoral canal?
Structure containing deep lymph nodes and vessels
84
What is the femoral sheath?
Fascial compartment containing artery, vein and canal
85
How to remember contents of femoral triangle form lateral to medial?
``` NAVEL Nerve Artery Vein Empty space Lymph ```
86
How do you mark the femoral artery on the surface?
MIPA Mid inguinal point is the artery / midway between anterior superior iliac spine and symphysis pubis
87
What is the 4 borders of the femoral canal?
Lacunar ligament Femoral vein Inguinal ligament Pectineal ligament
88
What is the femoral ring?
Opening to femoral canal
89
What is the femoral septum?
Connective tissue layer closing the ring pierced by lymphatic vessels exiting the femoral canal
90
What is the adductor canal?
Passageway for structures passing between anterior thigh and posterior leg
91
What is the adductor canal bordered by?
Sartorius Vastus medialis Adductor longus Adductor magnus
92
What are the first cutaneous branches to arise from femoral nerve?
Anterior cutaneous branches
93
What is the terminal cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve?
Saphenous nerve
94
What does the anterior cutaneous branch of femoral nerve supply?
Anteromedial thigh
95
What does the saphenous nerve supply?
Medial side of leg and foot
96
What is the main artery of the lower limb?
Femoral artery
97
What is the artery in the femoral triangle?
Profunda femoris artery
98
What are the 3 branches of the profunda femoris artery?
Lateral femoral circumflex Medial femoral circumflex Perforating branches
99
What is the artery after the common femoral artery gives off profunda femoris branch?
Superficial femoral artery
100
What does the superficial femoral artery become after going through adductor canal?
Popliteal artery
101
Which artery supplies the medial thigh?
Obturator
102
What artery is the gluteal region supplied by?
Superior and inferior gluteal arteries
103
What are the 5 deep veins involved in the thigh and gluteal region?
``` Femoral vein Profunda femoris vein External iliac vein Gluteal vein Obturator vein ```
104
What are the 2 major superficial veins?
Great saphenous | Small saphenous
105
What are the 2 types of superficial lymphatic vessels?
Medial vessels | Lateral vessels
106
What does the medial vessels drain into?
Inferior group of superficial inguinal lymph nodes in femoral triangle
107
What does the lateral vessels drain into?
Popliteal lymph nodes in popliteal fossa then deep inguinal nodes or join medial group
108
What are the 3 main groups of deep lymphatic vessels?
Anterior tibial Posterior tibial Peroneal
109
What do deep lymphatic vessels drain into?
Popliteal lymph nodes
110
How do femoral shaft fractures occur?
Usually high velocity trauma
111
What is a symptom of femoral shaft fracture?
Swollen and tense thigh
112
What is a risk of femoral shaft fracture?
Blood lose in closed femoral shaft fractures can be very high and may develop hyovolaemic shock
113
How do you treat femoral shaft fracture?
Surgical fixation
114
What are tibial plateau fractures?
Fracture of articulating surface of the tibia within knee joint
115
How to diagnose patellar fractures using physical examination?
Palpable defect in patella | Cannot do straight leg raise
116
How to treat displaced patellar fractures?
Reduction and surgical fixation
117
How to treat undisplaced patellar fractures?
Protect for it to heal
118
What is patella dislocation?
Patella completely displaced out of its normal alignment
119
How to treat patella dislocation?
Extend knee then manually reducing patella | Immobilize while healing takes place then physiotherapy
120
How do meniscal injuries occur?
Sudden twisting motion of weight bearing knee in high degree of flexion
121
How to treat acute traumatic meniscal tears?
Surgically through meniscectomy or meniscal repair
122
What is the unhappy triad?
Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
123
How is the unhappy triad caused?
Strong force applied to lateral aspect of knee
124
How to dislocate the knee?
3/4 ligaments rupture
125
What is a knee effusion?
Accumulation of fluid inside knee joint
126
What are the 2 types of knee effusions?
Acute and delayed
127
What are 2 types of acute knee effusions?
Haemarthrosis - blood in joint | Lipo-haemarthrosis - blood and fat in the joint
128
What is knee bursitis?
Inflammation of bursa
129
What are the 4 most commonly inflamed bursa of the knee?
Prepatellar bursa Infrapatellar bursa Pes anserinus bursa Suprapatellar bursa
130
What is pre-patellar bursa?
Superficial bursa with thin synovial lining located between skin and patella
131
What is Housemaid’s Knee?
Pre-patellar bursa becomes inflamed
132
What is infrapatellar bursa?
One bursa superficially between patella tendon and skin | Another bursa between patella tendon and tibia bone
133
What is cleryman’s knee?
Infrapatellar bursitis
134
What is popliteal cyst or Baker’s cyst?
Swelling in popliteal fossa or semimembranosus bursitis
135
What is Osgood-Schlatter’s Disease?
Inflammation of apophysis of patellar ligament into tibial tuberosity
136
What are the 3 symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee?
Knee pain Stiffness Swelling
137
What is crepitus?
Grating sound and cracking sensation on movement of joint
138
What is septic arthritis?
Invasion of joint space by micro organisms usually bacteria
139
What is reactive arthritis?
Sterile inflammatory process that result from extra articular infection
140
What are the 3 symptoms of septic arthritis?
Fever Pain Reduced range of motion
141
What to do if septic arthritis is suspected?
Aspiration of joint immediately | Aspirate sent for urgent microscopy, culture and sensitivities

Musculoskeletal System (9 decks)

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