Slide Midterm Flashcards by brittany treadway

•	Hemorrhage beneath the dura 
•	R. side 
•	Results from: trauma → rupture of the bridge V
CC:
•	rise in intracranial pressure
•	gradual &amp; progressive bleeding→ over a period of wks
Result: 
•	Chronic Hematoma

Subdural hematoma

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bact for meningitis

step. pneumonia

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• Often a complication from pulmonary or middle ear infection

meningitis

-Pathogenesis:
• thick, pale inflam exudate over the frontal and parietal lobes

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Clinical:
•	Fever, HA, Neck pn 
•	vomiting
•	(+) Kernings sign 
•	(+) CSF analysis

Meningitis

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recent cerebral infarct has ____ necrosis

liquefaction

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berry aneurysm arises from _____ art

causes: ______

arises in R. ant. Communicating cerebral artery

* causes subarachnoid hemorrhage

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base of the brain covered by extensive hemorrhage → located in sub-arachnoid space
cause:
• berry aneurysm

subarachoid hemorrhage

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MCC of Traumatic intracerebral Hemorrhage

alcoholism (falling)

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(B) tumor arising from the arachnoid cells

* Psammoma Bodies

meningioma

MC in the intracranial space (less in the spinal dura)

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• can have intramedullary hemorrhage

fx of humerus

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3 phases of healing a broken bone

inflam phase
reparative phase
remodeling phase

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• erosion of the diploe (spongy bone portion)

bact:_______

chronic osteomyelitis

staph aureus

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____: reactive woven bone that covers the sequestrium

seen in : ____

involcrum

Chronic Osteomyelitis

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_____: draining sinus through the skin

seen in ______

cloaca

chronic osteomyelitis

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thickened and normal structures have been replaced by broad, pale, irregular bony trabeculae
high serum alkaline phosphate levels

Paget’s Dx of the clavicle

(aka: osteoitis deformans)

• pathological fx, enlargement of the head and incr risk for osteogenic sarcomas

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MC location of Ivory Osteoma of the skull

paranasal sinuses, orbit and dense bones

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pale tumor arising from the cortex (metaphysis) → spreads to the diaphysis→ elevates the periosteum = Codman’s triangle
sunburst appearance: calcified osteoid extending from soft tis

Osteosarcoma of the femur

aka- osteogenic sarcoma

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Metastatic are the MC malignancy of the bone → they are lytic
Lytic = radiolucencies on x-rays

Osteoblastic metastases (MC) secondary to prostate and breast cancer
•	increase serum alkaline phosphate

Metastatic breast carcinoma to the spine and pelvis

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MC cause:

• atherosclerotic coronary artery dx → coagulative necrosis

acute myocardial infarction

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MCC of death in MI

arrhythmias

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Complications: 
•	arrhythmias = MCC death 
•	mural thrombus 
•	rupture 
•	ventricular aneurysm

Acute myocardial infarction

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thinned dilation of the wall

* Thick layer of adherent endocardial thrombus

Acute myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis

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most common location of the hypertrophic muscle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

interventricular septum

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MC in: interventricular septum
Pallor of the M
Inherited autosomal dominant trait

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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recurrent acute rheumatic endocarditis can lead to___

mitral incompetence

• Mitral valve: has vegetation lying along the valve closure → the vegetation is fibrin and platelet deposition

Mitral Incompetence with recurrent acute rheumatic endocarditis

* Rounded polypoid and gelatinous tumor | * Arising from the interatrial septum → below the fossa ovalis (mesenchymal origin)

left atrial myxoma -MC primary cardiac tumor

MC primary cardiac tumor

left atrial myxoma

MC form of aneurysm | • (m) over age 55

Ruptured Atheromatous Aneurysm in the abdominal Aorta

Thrombosis of the femoral artery w/o tx causes_____

dry gangrene

(4) complications from varicose veins

``` Complications: • edema • phlebitis • thrombosis • stasis dermatitis (cutaneous ulceration) ```

occlusive impaction of any material in the pulmonary arterial system MC location: • from thromboembolism in the deep saphenous V of the leg

pulmonary embolism

``` pre-disposing factors: • post-partum • post-surgery • bed rest • hypercoagulability ```

pumonary embolism Fatal: sudden death→ R. heart failure

* consolidation of the basal portion of the lower lobe and patchy consolidation of the middle lobe * grayish- white appearance bact______

bronchopneumonia strep. Pneumonia

(3) bacterias that case bronchopneumonia

``` Caused by: • Strep. Pneumonia Nosocomial pneumonia: • E. Coli • Pseudomonas ```

• total consolidation of the upper lobe→ grayish in the lobe uncommon: • bc of antibiotics cause: _______

Lobar pneumonia cause: strep. pneumonia

Untreated case stages of lobar pneumonia complications?

1. acute congestion (1day) 2. Red hepatization (2-4 days) 3. Grey hepatization (4-8 days) 4. Resolution (8-10 days) Complications: • bacteremia • Abscess • Pulmonary fibrosis

* large bronchiectatic cavities = coagulative material * lung parenchyma has dense scarring MCC: • bronchial carcinoma

Bronchiectasis Suppurative infection : Staph aureus

Military TB complication of primary infections

Myobaterium tuberculosis

____ has millet seeds

Military TB

MC type of emphysema

Centrilobular emphysema

destruction of the respiratory bronchioles with sparing of the distal air spaces

Centrilobular emphysema MC type of emphysema

• Obliterated lower lobe bronchus → hilar lymph nodes ectopic hormones: • ACTH • ADH • Serotonin

Oat cell carcinoma

* Round, pale neoplasm → just beneath the pleural surface | * Well defined margins of the tumor (more superficial)

Lung cancer adenocarcinoma grows slowly= good prognosis

• esophagus ends blindly at the level of the mid-trachea → the lower portion opens into the trachea above the trachea bifurcation

Tracheo-Esophageal fistula w/ esophageal atresia

• failure of development or fusion of the septum lying btw trachea and esophagus

Tracheo-Esophageal fistula w/ esophageal atresia

bact. for Chronic Peptic Ulcers of the stomach and Duodenum

Heliobacter pylori duod. is more common than gastric

Adenocarcinoma of the stomach--> Gastric carcinoma arises in:

pylorus and pyloric antrum

Adenocarcinoma | Of the stomach spreads via:

* via lymphatic to bilateral ovaries | * left supraclavicular node metastasis

MC developmental malformation in the alimentary system

Meckel’s Diverticulum of the Ileum

Meckel’s Diverticulum of the Ileum is a remnent of :

omphalo-mesenteric duct

location of Meckel’s Diverticulum

• antimesenteric border of the ileum → 2 ft from the ileoceccal valve

* Walls of the ileum are thick and fibrotic → w/ diffuse luminal inflam * Can affect any part of the alimentary system→ MC terminal ileum

crohn's dx

``` Characteristic: * Granulomatous inflammation • zones of inflammation in all layers • mucosal ulceration “cobblestone appearance” • stricture formation ```

crohn's dx

* mucosal lesion * thickening of the bowel walls → mucosal inflammatory pseudo-polyposis * haustral pattern effaced * shortening of the bowel and narrowing of the lumen

ulcerative colitis of the colon Extends prox. From the rectum → into terminal ileum

• high in western countries

adenocarcinoma of the colon rectal region

``` predisposing factors: • family polyposis • crohn’s dx • ulcerative colitis • diet : low fiber/ high fat ```

adenocarcinoma of the colon rectal region

_____ uses duke’s system for staging

Adenocarcinoma of the colon rectal region

• Secondary: bacterial (E. Coli) inflammation

acute appendicitis

Complications: • perforation leading to peritonitis • subphrenic abscess

appendicitis