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T4- Systemic Patho > T4 patho midterm 2 > Flashcards

T4 patho midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

Premature RBC destruction

Jaundice due to hemoglobin breakdown and increase bilirubin in blood

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2
Q

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia-Warm AB AHA

A

Hemolysis due to anti RBC AB (IgG at 37degree C)
Idiopathic
Secondary to cancer and drug use

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3
Q

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia-Cold AB AHA

A

IgM AB presence at low temp
Idiopathic
infection, cancer

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4
Q

hereditary Spherocytosis

A

Autosomal dominant
**SPECTRA DEFECT-RBC vulnerability to destruc
Results in splenomegaly
European Descent

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5
Q

G-6-P dehydrogenase deficiency

A

MC in blacks, female children carry disease
Excess peroxide forms **Heinz bodies
**Favism from eating fava beans

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6
Q

Normal Hemoglobin

A

HbA- 2 alpha, 2 beta chains
HbA2- 2 alpha, 2 gamma chains
HbF- 2 alpha, 2 delta chains

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7
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A 
Abnormal Hemoglobin (HbS)
Intrincis hemolytic anemia
MC in blacks
Leads to splenic infection
**Blood smear shows Howell Jolly Bodies
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8
Q

Thalassemia

A

Decreased or absent alpha or b chain hemoglobin

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9
Q

Beta Thalassemia

A

A.K.A Cooley Anemia
Most severe type
Decreased beta chain
MC in Mediterranean

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10
Q

Alpha Thalassemia

A

Mild hemolysis and anemia

**Tear drop cells in cell prep

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11
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia

A

B12 or folic acid deficiency
Due to tape worm, diet, pernicious anemia
**Leads to Beefy tongue

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12
Q

Iron Deficiency anemia

A 
Most common type of anemia
Leads to microcytic, hypo chromic anemia
 **Causes Plummer vision Syndrome
Plummer syndrome Triad:
1. microcytic hypochromic anemia
2. esophageal webs
3. glossitis
Causes cheilosis (cracking of lips)
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13
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Decrease RBC, WBC, platelet

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14
Q

Aplastic anemia causes

A

MC=idiopathic

MC infection from Hep C

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15
Q

Aplastic anemia clinical signs

A

fanconi syndrome

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16
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increase erythrocytes

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17
Q

2 types of polycythemia

A

Relative and absolute

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18
Q

Relative polycythemia

A

Due to dehydration, stress, and decreased plasma

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19
Q

Absolute Polycythemia

A

Primary- Increase viscosity, unknown etiology, causes hepatosplenomegaly
Secondary- Increase erythropoeitin due to COPD, increase altitude, tumor

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20
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decrease WBC due to chronic viral infection

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21
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase WBC count
Leukomoid Rxn: WBC count=50,000cells/uL
Dohl Bodies present

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22
Q

Leukemia

A

Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow

in ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis

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23
Q

Leukemia predisposing factors and symptoms

A

irradiation, drugs, down syndrome

hepatosplenomegaly and kidneys, adrenals, CNS issues leading to anemia

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24
Q

Acute Lymphocytic leukemia

A

Children 10 poor prognosis

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25
Chronic Lymphocytic leukemia
Elderly >60yoa | 50% die of infection
26
Acute Myelocytic Leukemia
MC adult leukemia | very poor prognosis
27
Chronic myelocytic anemia
Middle age | Philedelpha chromosome present
28
Thrombocytopenia
decrease platelet count leading to hemorrhagic disorder
29
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia
MC in children after viral infection | Autoimmune disease
30
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura
Small vessel damage leading to RBC damage MC in young women Poor prognosis
31
Intrinsic clotting time
22-35sec
32
extrinsic clotting time
11-13 sec factor VII
33
Hemophilia A
Sex linked recessive, female gives to male | Factor VIII-C deficient
34
Von willibrands Disease
MC hereditary coagulation disease | Absence of VIII-C and VIII-VWF
35
Vit K deficiency
Fat malabsorption leading to decrease in Vit K | Vit K activates clotting factor 2,7,9,10
36
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Intravascular consumption of clotting factors (platelets, fibrinogen, factor 5&8) Due to sepsis, snake bit, etc
37
Hodkins Lymphoma (Pel Ebstein Fever)
Presence of Reed Sternberg Cells (owl eye appearance) | Malignant lymphoma
38
lymphocytic predominant hodgkins lymphoma
``` common in males <40 low prevalence (5%) ```
39
Nodular Sclerosing hodgkins lymphoma
MC type of hodgkins MC in females 60% prevalence
40
Mixed Cellularity Hodgkins Lymphoma
2nd most common type | freq in men
41
Lymphatic Depletion hodgkins lymphoma
Men over 50 | Fever, weight loss, night sweat
42
Non Hodgkins Lymphoma
No reed stern berg cells | Lymphodenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly
43
Nodular non hodgkins lymphoma
Nodular cells can infiltrate capsule | common in elderly, good prognosis
44
Diffuse non hodgkins lymphoma
lymph node is destroyed
45
Burkitts Lymphoma
``` Non Hodgkins lymphoma MC in african children/young adult Related to Epstein Barr virus Africans-effects mandible/maxilla Americans- effects abdomen ```
46
Multiple Myeloma
MC malignant plasma cell disorder and malignancy of bone due to increase IgG Affects bone secreting Osteoclasts
47
Bence Jones Proteins
found in Multiple myeloma
48
Multiple myeloma effects:
middle age to elderly people with bone pain | Neuropathy, myelopathy
49
GI Epithelium
Simple columnar non ciliated (except esophagus and anal canal
50
Lamina Propria
made up of connective tissue
51
musculosa
inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
52
adventitia
CT and blood vessel
53
Mixed parotid tumor
MC tumor of salivary gland W>M may affect facial nerve
54
Peutz Jeghers syndrome
Autosomal dominant | Hard polyps in GIT with pigmentation around lips and oral mucosa
55
Trachea Esophageal Fistula
Esophagus connected to trachea MC congenital esophageal anomaly leads to pneumonia and electrolyte balance issue
56
Diverticulae
sac like protrusion of esophageal wall layers
57
Pulsion Diverticulum
False diverticular formed by weak muscle | Signs-Dysphagia, regurgitation of food
58
Zenkers Diverticulum
False or fusion diverticulum in upper esophagus MC type of diverticulum Leads to dysphagia and bad breath
59
Traction Diverticulum
True Diverticula At lever of tracheal bifurcation due to TB infection 3T's - Traction, True, TB
60
Achalasia
LES doesn't relax due to neuromotor deficit
61
3 abnormalities of achalasia
Aperistalsis, some or no relaxation of LES, Increase tone of LES
62
Esophagitis
Inflammation, usually lower half | Can develop into Barretts esophagus
63
Barretts esophagus
Precancerous to adenocarcinoma | Columnar metaplasia to squamous epithelium
64
Benign Leiomyoma
Rare
65
Malignant squamous cell carcinoma
95% of all esophageal cancers Blacks>whites Predisposition by smoking, alcohol, achalasia
66
Adenocarcinoma
Arises from barrett esophagus
67
Pyloric Stenosis
M>F Congenital abnormality with unknown etiology Projectile vomiting and palpable knot
68
Hiatal Hernia
Stomach herniation thru esophageal hiatus or sal like dilatation
69
Sliding hiatal hernia
MC type due to short esophagus sliding thru diaphragm
70
Paraesophageal hiatal hernia
Gastric fundus rolls along esophagus thru hiatus into thorax | Can develop into barrette esophagus
71
Acute Gastritis
Direct infection (salmonella,H.Pylori,Virus,alcohol,smoking)
72
Chronic Gastritis
Achlorohydria destroying G cells due to old age and iron deficiency
73
Chronic Atrophic gastritis
affects funds as in pernicious anemia (autoimmune against parietal cells)
74
Peptic Ulcer
MC in first part of duodenum and lesser curvature of stomach MC bacteria- H.Pylori ANY AGE AFFECTED!
75
Duodenal Ulcer
Pain relief by eating
76
Gastric ulcer
pain increase by eating
77
Benign Leiomyoma of stomach
MC benign tumor of GIT in stomach
78
Hyperplastic Polyp
75-90% of all polyps-rarely malignant
79
Adenomatous Polyps
20%- slight risk of adenocarcinoma with polyp
80
Malignant Adenocarcinoma of Stomach
MC in lesser curvature and pyloric antrum Increase incidence in Japan and Scandinavia Predisposition- Genes, A blood type
81
5 forms of adenocarcinoma of stomach
1. Fungating- polypoid ulcerating mass 2. Ulcerative-Indurated base 3. Early carcinoma- not in deep tissue 4. Polypoid- Polyp projecting into lumen 5. Diffusely Infiltrated- causes Linitus Plastica (thickened fibrotic wall)
82
Linitus plastica
caused by diffusely infiltrated form of adenocarcinoma of stomach
83
Kruckenburg Tumor
adenocarcinoma of stomach spreading to ovaries via lymph
84
Sentinel or Virchows node
Supraclavicular node metastasis via adenocarcinoma of stoamch
85
Meckels Diverticulum
Persistance of omphalomesenteric duct 2-2-2 2in long, 2%incidence, 2ft from cecum
86
Giardiasis (small intestine infection)
Most prevalent disease in US | Mainly in duodenum causing diarrhea, abdominal pain and anemia
87
SI malabsorption
Increase excretion of fat due to vitamin deficiency, mineral deficiency, carbs and protein deficiency
88
Celiac Sprue
Gluten Sensitivity leading to malabsorption Autoimmune disease w/ AB against gluten HLA-B8 relationship
89
Tropical sprue
Malabsorption due to chronic infection w/ E. coli
90
Whipples DIsease
Decreased lymphatic uptake of chyomicron in intestine Less common than celiac sprue Considered as infectious disease
91
Intussussception
One segment of bowel telescoping into another | MC-terminal ileum into cecum
92
Volvulus
Twisting of bowel around mesenteric root MC-Sigmoid colon in elderly MC- Cecum in young
93
Benign Leiomyoma of SI
MC location-Jejunem | Can lead to intersussception or volvulus
94
Cancer and Small intestine...
not common location
95
Carcinoid tumor
40% of cases occur in appendix | Arise from enterochromaffin cells secreting serotonin
96
Hirsch Sprungs Disease of Large intestine
Distended Colon | Increase incidence with down syndrome and chagas disease
97
Hirsch Sprungs disease common location
90% in rectum due to lack of meissners plexus ganglion
98
Pseudomembranous Colitis of large intestine
AB use causes overgrowth of norma flora creating infection (Ex: C. Diff)
99
Crohns Disease
Idiopathic granulomatous inflammation of large intestine involving all layers
100
Crohns disease incidence and location
MC in ileum and colon | Equal incidence in both sex, increase in jews
101
Ulcerative colitis
Genetic Chronic ulcer inflammatory disease involving rectum and left colon Causes mucosal ulceration
102
Benign Adenomatous polyp
true neoplasm-more villous=more malignant | 2 types: tubular adenoma and villous adenoma
103
Tubular adenoma
75% of all neoplastic polyps | positive family Hx
104
Villous adenoma
precancerous in rectum-large polyps
105
Familial polyposis
100% malignancy | Autosomal dominant-develops at 10-20yoa
106
Colorectal adenocarcinoma
MC cancer of colon | due to decrease fiber and increase fat
107
Duke staging of colorectal cancer
``` Stage A: Mucosa only Stage B1: into muscle B2: thru muscle, no node involvement C1: Thru muscle, lymph node involvement C2: Thru entire wall, node involvement D: Distant metastasis ``` A=Good B=base invasion C=carry to lymph D=distant metastasis
108
Gilberts Syndrome
Decreased UDPG transferase leading to hyperbilirubinemia and chronic jaundice Hereditary
109
Crigler Najjars Syndrome
hereditary Absence of glucuronide transferase enzyme->bilirubin encephalopathy->death
110
Dubin-Johnsons Syndrome
congenital Hepatocyte defect causing decreased conjugated bilirubin excretion -Black hepatocytes seen (melanin pigment)
111
Rotors Syndrome
Simlar to Dubin Johnsons syndrome without melanin like look
112
Liver Cirrhosis
Diffuse nodular fibrosis of liver with irreversible scarring tissue
113
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
Liver fibrosis due to hepatocellular injury leading to hyperplasia W>M
114
Acute Alcoholic Liver
Reversible hepatomegaly
115
Chronic Alcoholic liver
Irreversible fibrotic process leading to hepatic failure | Increase SGOT
116
Vascular Cirrhosis
Hepatic vein thrombosis | painful enlarged liver
117
Metabolic Cirrhosis-hemochromotosis
Idiopathic excess of hemosiderin (iron) in liver
118
Metabolic Cirrhosis-Wilsons Syndrome
Hereditary excessive copper disease | Kayser Fleisher Ring
119
Chronic Hepatitis Cirrhosis-HBV or HBC)
Persistant- Mild transaminases | Aggressive Hepatitis- Necrosis and fibrosis
120
Viral Hepatitis
MC cause of liver cell necrosis Hep A-40% of cases Enlarged liver, jaundice Increased AST and ALT
121
Orally transmitted hapatitis
A and E
122
Blood transfusion transmitted hepatitis
C and G
123
Chronic hepatitis carrier
B and C
124
Liver cell adenoma
Vascular tumor assoc. with oral contraceptives and anabolic steroids
125
Malignant Hepatocellular Carcinoma
MC primary cancer Males 40-60yrs old Liver cirrhosis MCC Increased AFT tumor marker
126
Angiosarcoma of liver
Vascular tumors due to vinyl chloride, arsenic, and thorotrast
127
Metastasis of Liver
MC type, more so than primary tumors

T4- Systemic Patho (10 decks)

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