Sociocultural Approach

Question 1

two strengths of observations

Answer 1

behaving normally
rich source of qualitative data

Question 2

5 limitations of observations

Answer 2

small sample sizes
lacks population validity
difficult to replicate
danger of observer bias and effects
(overt- danger of demand characteristics)

Question 3

three limitations of covert observations

Answer 3

hard for researchers to take notes- memory distorts
no interviews
ethical issues

Question 4

what research method did Festinger use

Answer 4

covert participant observation

Question 5

what research method did Zimbardo use

Answer 5

overt participant observation

Question 6

what research method did Asch use?

Answer 6

controlled lab experiment

Question 7

what is conformity

Answer 7

a change in behaviour because of a real or imagined group pressure

Question 8

conformity is the result of what two factors

Answer 8

informational social influence
normative social influence

Question 9

informational social influence

Answer 9

the need for certainty, figuring out how to behave.

Question 10

Normative social influence

Answer 10

The need for social acceptance and approval. We conform to be accepted and to fit in.

Question 11

type of conformity

Answer 11

pluralistic ignorance

Question 12

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 12

agent believes their attitudes, feelings, and beliefs are different from those of others, despite the fact that their public behaviour is identical.

Question 13

case study pluralistic ignorance

Answer 13

In 1979, a fire began in Woolworths department store. 10 people died in the fire in the restaurant because they were following social norms and continued to wait to pay for food

Question 14

recent example pluralistic ignorance- critiques of Asch

Answer 14

Asch paradigm said as artificial and low eco v
Smoking room study Abrams

Question 15

what is social identity

Answer 15

the individual’s self-concept derived from perceived membership of social groups.

Question 16

who identified 4 mechanisms of SIT

Answer 16

Tajfel and Turner 1970’s

Question 17

state Tajfel and Turners 4 mechanisms of SIT

Answer 17

social categorization
social identification
social comparison
positive distinctive ness

Question 18

explain briefly Tajfel and Turners 4 mechanisms of SIT

Answer 18

social categorization- in groups and out groups
social identification- adopting the norms and taking on characteristics of the group
social comparison- a means of justifying group membership
positive distinctiveness- favour the traits of the in-group

Question 19

key thing tajfel found-

Answer 19

just being put into a group was enough to exhibit prejudice and discrimination, and belonging to a group instils loyalty and prejudice to those outside of the group, even when randomly assigned.

Question 20

what is permeability in the context of SIT

Answer 20

If in a group that makes us unhappy, self-esteem might suffer, and we can leave the group and join another one

Question 21

impermeable in the context of SIT

Answer 21

If we must remain in our group, the group boundaries are impermeable. So, our reflex may be to favouritize our in-group

Question 22

5 strengths of SIT

Answer 22

-Supported by lots of empirical studies
-Demonstrates the role of social categorization in intergroup behaviours
- Explores how basic need to belong affects social interaction
-Contributes to explanation of other areas of social psychology E.g. stereotypes, conformity, groupthink, etc.
-Explains intergroup conflict in situations where there is no need for conflict

Question 23

two weaknesses of SIT

Answer 23

• Applications of SIT are restricted by the methodological limitations (e.g. low EV), and reductionist principles adopted in its supporting studies.
• Social comparison to make ingroup superior does not change personal identity

Question 24

what can be used to explain why prejudice exists in all human societies

Answer 24

SIT

Question 25

three studies that show SIT

Answer 25

Drury, Tajfel and Turner, Chen

Question 26

who developed Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 26

Albert Bandura 1980's

Question 27

key point in social cognitive theory

Answer 27

we do not need to experience everything personally in order to learn. We can learn by watching (and imitating) other people.

Question 28

what two processes is SCT based around

Answer 28

modelling and reinforcement

Question 29

modelling in SCT:

Answer 29

- Modelling: learning through the observation of other people, and ‘copying’ actions as best they can. The learner then observes the consequences that the action has.`

Question 30

what are four aspects of the Social Learning Theory

Answer 30

Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation

Question 31

what is the biggest flaw of SCT

Answer 31

that it does not explain why some people never learn a behaviour, in spite of observing it being reinforced in others.

Question 32

who developed SLT

Answer 32

bandura in the 60'

Question 33

the theory of sct has a high what

Answer 33

- The theory has high heuristic validity - that is, it can be used to explain a variety of human behaviours, ranging from how children might learn violent behaviours, or how we might develop eating disorders.

Question 34

what two studies are good for SCT

Answer 34

bandura's bobo doll and joy et al

Question 35

introductory sentence about stereotyping

Answer 35

- Our social world is complex, needs to be simplified through social categorisation. - The information used in social categorisation is stereotypes.

Question 36

what is a stereotype

Answer 36

fixed beliefs about group of people that are also applied to any one member of that group. They can also be negative and lead to prejudice against individuals and groups.

Question 37

what is prejudice

Answer 37

- a judgment about individuals with very little information about them except for their stereotype.

Question 38

what is discrimination

Answer 38

Discrimination is a specific behavior - based on stereotyping and prejudice - directed towards members of groups.

Question 39

origin of stereotypes theory

Answer 39

that stereotypes originate in conflicts over resources, as theorized in realistic group conflict theory

Question 40

what are the three origins of stereotypes

Answer 40

SIT Conformity Illusory Correlations

Question 41

what is an illusory correlation

Answer 41

Sometimes a perception can be formed that there is a relationship between events, actions and behaviours when, in fact, no relationship exists

Question 42

study that shows SIT in basis of Stereotypes

Answer 42

Perdue et al

Question 43

study that shows conformity on basis of Stereotypes

Answer 43

rogers and frantz

Question 44

study that shows illusory correlation in basis of Stereotypes

Answer 44

Hamilton and Gifford

Question 45

two effects of a stereotype on behaviour

Answer 45

stereotype threat and memory distortion

Question 46

stereotype threat

Answer 46

Threat that you will adhere to the negative stereotype of the group that you are in, from that you behave worse

Question 47

sterotype threat study

Answer 47

stone 2002 Black and White participants perform a golf task described either as testing “natural athletic ability” or “sports intelligence.” Black participants performed worse when it was framed as intelligence, while White participants did worse when it was framed as athletic ability. This shows that activating negative stereotypes can impair performance.

Question 48

memory distortion stereotyping

Answer 48

Martin and Halverson (1983) found that stereotypes can distort memory. Children were shown images of boys and girls doing gender-consistent or inconsistent activities. A week later, they often misremembered gender-inconsistent actions (like a boy playing with a doll) as consistent with gender stereotypes, showing that stereotypes can influence how we encode and recall information.

Question 49

what is culture according to hofsted

Answer 49

Culture is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others.

Question 50

what is surface culture

Answer 50

the ‘visible’ elements of a culture that distinguishes it from others.

Question 51

what is deep culture

Answer 51

the ‘invisible’ elements of a culture that determine intrinsic values, cognition and behaviour

Question 52

who proposed cultural dimensions

Answer 52

hofstede 1980

Question 53

what is a cultural dimension

Answer 53

cultural dimension is a part of deep culture that influences behaviour and cognition.

Question 54

where did cultural dimensions originate from

Answer 54

Hofstede (1980) used survey data from IBM employees in over 50 countries to study how culture influences behaviour. He found consistent differences in values like individualism vs collectivism and power distance, leading to his theory of cultural dimensions. This shows that national culture can shape attitudes and behaviour, even within the same company.

Question 55

how many cultural dimensions did Hofstede use

Answer 55

6

Question 56

give me three cultural dimensions Hofstede proposed

Answer 56

Individualism vs Collectivism: Whether people see themselves as independent (individualist) or part of a group (collectivist). Uncertainty Avoidance: How comfortable people are with the unknown. High = prefer rules and stability; low = open to change and difference. Indulgence vs Restraint: How much a culture allows enjoyment like drinking, sex, or sports. Indulgent cultures allow it; restrained ones limit it with strict norms.

Question 57

2 good things out Hofstede's work

Answer 57

a very large cross cultural sample can be used as an explanatory model for other behaviours

Question 58

what does acculturation mean

Answer 58

The process by which someone comes into contact with another culture and begins to adopt the norms and behaviours of that culture

Question 59

what is enculturation

Answer 59

Enculturation is the process of how we adopt the behaviours that are the norm for our culture.

Question 60

two studies for cultural dimensions

Answer 60

kearins, cole and scribner

Question 61

what are cultural norms

Answer 61

Sets of societal expectations that influence behavior. Norms tell us what kinds of behavior are appropriate/accepted or inappropriate

Question 62

two limitations of hofstedes work

Answer 62

sampling was from a specific work environment- not representative? question of temporal validity- over 40 years aho

Question 63

study for enculturation

Answer 63

fagot 1978

Question 64

2 studies with acculturation

Answer 64

lueck and wilson 2010 miranda and matheny 2000

Question 65

4 features in berry 2006's acculturation model

Answer 65

assimilation separation marginalisation integration