Sociology - Chapter 3 Flashcards Preview

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0
Q

Culture (2)

A

No way of life is “natural” to humanity, even though most people around the world view their behavior as that way

The values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that together form a person’s way of life

1
Q

What does culture do?

A

Shapes what we do and helps form our personalities

2
Q

Difference between culture, nation, and society? (3)

A

Culture- shared way of life

Nation- political entity (a territory with designated borders. Ex: U.S., Canada)

Society- people who interact in a define territory and share a culture

3
Q

How many languages are there globally?

A

7,000 languages, yet they are declining

4
Q

Unlike other creatures, humans try to give the world

A

Meaning

5
Q

Example of someone using a symbol in an unconventional way?

A

Someone burning the U.S. Flag during a political demonstration

6
Q

What are two possible meanings of a fur coat? (2)

A

A prized symbol of success or the inhumane treatment of animals

7
Q

Every society transmits culture through speech, a process sociologists call?

A

The “oral cultural tradition”

8
Q

Who is kanzi? What makes kanzi special? (2)

A

A 23 year old chimp

He could learn language by listening and observing

9
Q

Outline the 10 key values of the U.S. as identified by Robin Williams (10)

A
  1. Equal opportunity
  2. Achievement and success
  3. Material comfort
  4. Activity and work
  5. Practicality and efficiency
  6. Progress
  7. Science
  8. Democracy and free enterprise
  9. Freedom
  10. Racism and group superiority
10
Q

Most important… In a culture apply everywhere and at all times

A

Norms

11
Q

What are 3 ways that today’s world is a global culture? (3)

A
  1. The global economy: the flow of goods
  2. Global communications: flow of information
  3. Global migration: the flow of people
12
Q

Sociologists claim that the large number of cultural universals reflects…

A

The fact that all humans are members of a single biological species

13
Q

Nonmaterial culture

A

The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society

14
Q

Material culture

A

The tangible things created by members of a society

15
Q

Culture shock

A

Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

16
Q

Symbols

A

Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture

17
Q

Language

A

A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another

18
Q

Cultural transmission

A

The process by which one generation passes culture to the next generation

19
Q

Values

A

Culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty

20
Q

Norms

A

Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior or its members

21
Q

Mores

A

Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance

22
Q

Folkways

A

Norms for routine or casual interaction

23
Q

Social control

A

Attempts by society to regulate people’s thought and behavior

24
Q

Technology

A

Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings

25
Q

High culture

A

Cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite

26
Q

Popular culture

A

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population

27
Q

Subculture

A

Cultural patterns that are set apart some segment of a society’s population

28
Q

Eurocentrism

A

The dominance of European (especially english) cultural patterns

29
Q

Afrocentrism

A

The dominance of African cultural patterns

30
Q

Cultural integration

A

The close relationships among various elements of a cultural system

31
Q

Counterculture

A

Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

32
Q

Cultural lag

A

Fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting cultural system

33
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The practice of judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture

34
Q

Cultural relativism

A

The practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards

35
Q

Cultural universals

A

Traits that are part of every known culture

36
Q

Sociobiology

A

A theoretical paradigm that explores ways in which biology affects how we create culture