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From Flashcardlet > Sociology of the Life Cycle > Flashcards

Sociology of the Life Cycle Flashcards

0
Q

Purpose of Social Work

A
  1. To promote individual and community well-being
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1
Q

Life Course Perspective

A
  1. Theory that looks at how chronological age, relationships, common life transitions, and social change shape people’s lives from birth to death.
  2. How do people influence their environments and how do environments influence them
  3. Used to understand pathways of families, organizations, and social movements
  4. Used to understand patterns of stability and change in all types of social systems
  5. Human development theory developed by Glen Elder Jr. -he wanted to look at the ordinary human
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2
Q

To understand someone look at (3) things:

A
  1. Event history: sequence of significant events
  2. Synchronization with family members’ lives across time
  3. Has culture and social institutions shaped the pattern of individual lives
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3
Q

Difference between Life Course perspective and Developmental
Psychology

A
  1. Life Course pers. calls attention to how historical time, social location, and culture affect the individual experience of each life stage
  2. Developmental Psych. Looks for universal, predictable events and pathways
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4
Q

Life Course Cohort

A
  1. A group of persons who were born during the same time period and who experience particular social changes within a given culture in the same sequence and at approximately the same age.
  2. Generation rather refers to a period of 20 years, whereas a cohort may be shorter than that.
  3. Cohorts differ in size
  4. Ex. Baby Boomers 1946-1964. Generation X 1965-1980. Generation Y 1980-late 90’s. Generation Z 1996+
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5
Q

Life Course Transitions

A
  1. Gradual changes in roles and statuses that represent a distinct departure from prior roles and statuses
  2. Ex. Starting school, puberty, getting married, change in health
  3. Produce stress, opportunity
  4. Affects everyone in a family
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6
Q

Life Course Trajectories

A
  1. Involve a longer view of long term patterns of stability and change in a persons life, involving multiple transitions.
  2. Ex. Graduation is a transition that will be embedded in a career trajectory, involving liscensing exams, job changes, promotions, periods of discontent
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7
Q

Life Course Life Events

A
  1. A significant occurrence involving a relatively abrupt change that may produce serious and long lasting effects
  2. Death of a parent, escape from the homeland, terrorist attack
  3. Refers to the event itself and not to the following transitions
  4. Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes + Rahe) is used to evaluate the effects of life events
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8
Q

Life Course Turning Points

A
  1. A time when major change occurs in the life course trajectory. “Defining moments” (9/11 terrorist attack)
  2. Ex. Changes a persons self-concept, beliefs or expectations, how a person responds to risk and opportunity
  3. A lasting change, not a temporary detour
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9
Q

Erikson and Bronfenbrenner study what 4 aspects of an individual?

A
  1. Physical/ biological
  2. Intellectual/ cognitive
  3. Psychological/ emotional
  4. Social
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10
Q

Population Pyramids

A

A chart that depicts the proportion of the population in each age group

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11
Q

When does a transition become a turning point?

A
  1. Occurs with a crisis
  2. Involves family conflicts
  3. “Off-time” does not occur at typical stage of life
  4. Followed by unforeseen negative consequences
  5. Requires exceptional social adjustments
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12
Q

Human Agency

A
  1. The use of personal power to achieve ones goals

2. Exerting influence to shape one’s life trajectory toward the future

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13
Q

Personal Agency

A

Exercised individually, using personal influence to shape environmental events or ones own behavior.
Ex. Delaney Sisters

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14
Q

Proxy Agency

A

Exercised to influenced others who have greater resources to act on one’s behalf to meet needs and accomplish goals

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15
Q

Collective Agency

A

Exercised on the group level when people act together to meet needs and accomplish goals

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16
Q

Disjoint agency vs. Conjoint agency

A 
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
Individualistic Societies (disjoint)           Collectivistic Societies (conjoint)
17
Q

Teen pregnancy

A
  1. 50% of adolescents in US are sexually active
  2. Rates in teen pregnancy are geographically different (higher in the south)
  3. Rates are dropping recently (due to access to contraception)
  4. 1/3 deliver, 1/3 abortion, 1/3 miscarriage
  5. 83% born into low income families
  6. 10-14 yrs. have preg. complications
  7. 15-17 yrs. have social and economical complications
  8. 18-19 yrs. have least amount of risk factors
18
Q

Delayed pregnancy

A
  1. % of women giving birth after age 35 has increased from 1 in 100 births in 1970 to 1 in 12 in 2006 (married women)
  2. Increased risk factors: pregnancy before age 18 or older than 35, delivery before 38 weeks, gestational diabetes, stress due to inadequate resources, trauma, smoking
  3. Protective factors: family support, prenatal care, social and economical support, accident prevention, smoking cessation programs
19
Q

Abortion

A
  1. Moral debate results in variation about who has access to abortion, when, how, and at what cost
20
Q

Infertility

A
  1. Inability to become pregnant after 1 yr. of trying
  2. Affects 5 million or 1/4 of couples
  3. Percent is rising due to delaying pregnancy
  4. 45% males, 40% females 15% combo
  5. .
21
Q

Fetal development

A
  1. 40 weeks of gestation
  2. First trimester (1st 12 weeks): zygote > embryo (7 days) > fetus (8 weeks)
  3. At 12 weeks the gender is noticeable
  4. Miscarriage 80% first 12 weeks
  5. Second trimester (13-24 weeks): quickening (feel baby moving), most rapid brain development, women feel the best
  6. third trimester (25 weeks +): weight gain
22
Q

Cultural and historical influences on childbearing

A
  1. Conditions under which a women should become pregnant: age, is she married, who is she married to, own house, same race parents
  2. How do husband and wife conduct themselves during pregnancy
  3. Birth plans: when, where, how, medication
  4. How will newborn be introduced into the world: private, public, religious
23
Q

Contraception

A
  1. Availability significantly less in poor and developing countries
  2. Abstinence only education has not been effective
  3. Impacted by religious, sociopolitical, and cultural influences
24
Q

Pregnancy risk and protective factors

A
  1. Biological needs: increase caloric intake, good sleep
  2. Psychological needs: free of trauma, emotional maturity, mother and infant bonding, emotional support
  3. Social needs: WIC, medical
  4. Intellectual needs: pregnancy and childbirth education
25
Q

Problem pregnancies

A
  1. Undesired pregnancy: less inclined to take care of herself, rejection of baby, more risk taking behavior
  2. Ectopic pregnancy: zygote implants outside of the uterus, failure to attach
  3. Miscarriage (before 20 weeks) and stillbirth (after 20 weeks)
26
Q

At risk newborns

A
  1. Prematurity: 2/3 infant deaths, 34-36 weeks, 24 week cutoff
  2. Genetic abnormalities: single abnormal gene, multifactorial inheritance, chromosomal abnormalities (Down syndrome), exposure to teratogens
27
Q

Childbirth

A
  1. Trend away from home births (99% born in hospitals)
  2. Role of fathers has changed over time
  3. Hospital stay has shortened
  4. Planned vs. unplanned pregnancy (50% 50%)
  5. Societal views have changed from simply waiting to being actively involved in nurturing the mother and baby’s health
28
Q

Infancy

A

0 to 12 months

29
Q

Toddlerhood

A

1 to 3 yrs.

30
Q

Developmental niche

A

Culture guides every aspect of the developmental niche

31
Q

3 areas of developmental niche

A
  1. Physical and social settings: size and location, objects (toys bought or in nature), climate (Ecological setting), family structure (siblings, age differences)
  2. Customs: sleep, feeding schedule (where and when), carrying, learning (baby Einstein)
  3. Psychology of caretakers: expectations (shame vs. doubt), values, parenting styles
32
Q

Physical development of infancy and toddlerhood

A
  1. 5-10 pounds at birth
                    Height    X    Weight Average.          19.5"              7lbs 1 yr.                  1.5 X              3 X 2 yrs.                2 X                 4 X
33
Q

Sensory system of infancy and toddlerhood

A
  1. Can hear in womb
  2. Sight: drawn to patterns, gradually become farsighted
  3. Taste is same as adults
  4. Smell is in tune with the mother
34
Q

Reflexes of infancy and toddlerhood

A
  1. Sucking: any object put in baby’s mouth is automatically sucked
  2. Rooting: a touch on the cheek will automatically make the baby turn his/her head in the same direction
35
Q

Motor sills of infancy and toddlerhood

A
  1. Infants: holding head up (belly play promotes these muscles)
  2. 4-9 months: sit w/o support
  3. 5-11.5 months: stand w/ assistance
  4. 5-13.5 months: crawling, walking w/ assistance
  5. 6.5-16.5 months: standing alone
  6. 8-17 months: walking alone
36
Q

Blooming and Pruning

A

A period of overproduction of the synapses between neurons and subsequent reduction of the synapses to improve efficiency of brain functioning

37
Q

Piaget infancy and toddlerhood (cognitive development)

A
  1. Developed stage based model (must build on top)
  2. Sensorimotor period (learning through the senses and motor skills)
    - sub stage 1: (0-1 month) reflexes
    - sub stage 2: (2-4 months) primary circular reaction (repeating behaviors because they get a positive response)
    - sub stage 3: (4-8 months) secondary circular reactions (same as above + objects)
    - sub stage 4: (8-12 months) coordination of secondary circular reactions (object permanence, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety)
    - sub stage 5: (12-18 months) tertiary circular reactions (more creative and curious, problem solving)
    - sub stage 6: (18-2 yrs.) mental representation (maintains mental images of what’s not in front of them, imitation)
38
Q

Language development in infancy and toddlerhood

A
  1. Birth -3 months: cooing
  2. 4-6 months: babbling begins
  3. 7-12 months: babbling perfected
  4. 8-12 months: gestures to indicate desires
  5. 18+ : speak between 50-200 words
39
Q

Family Pluralism

A

Recognition of many viable types of family structures

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