spatial ecology

Question 1

geladas

Answer 1

live in clumps with dominant males

Question 2

Distribution types

Answer 2

Random: uniform resourse distribution and absense of strong repulsion or attraction among individuals

Uniform: exclussive use of areas. individuals avoid each other. territorality

Clumped: most common–> mutual attraction and patchy resourse availability–> mating behavior and group defense

Question 3

seastar distribution type

Answer 3

clumped

Question 4

penguin distribution type

Answer 4

uniform

Question 5

dandelion distribution type

Answer 5

random

Question 6

index of dispersion

Answer 6

used to determine distribution type
mean count per quadrant / variance
>1 are clumped
=1 are random
<1 are uniform

Question 7

desert shrubs

Answer 7

begin clumped, but members of the population die as they age due to competition. Eventually become random and then uniform

Question 8

reasons for desert shrub clumping

Answer 8

1. seed germination in a safe place
2. seed dispersal
3. asexual reproduction

Question 9

relationship between bodymass/biomass and species density

Answer 9

negative

Question 10

plant size vs density

Answer 10

• seedlings can live at high densities
• trees live at lower densities
• example: sequoia and lemma

Question 11

Christmas bird count

Answer 11

Chapman said we should count them rather than hunt them –> can learn about their distributions

Question 12

Audobon bubble plots

Answer 12

tell liklihood of detecting a species in a particular place

Question 13

cardinal disperal type

Answer 13

uniform

Question 14

fish crow dispersion type

Answer 14

clumped

Question 15

Sort these from highest to lowest elevation: Red maple, hemlock, table mountain pine

Answer 15

table mountain pine, red maple, hemlock

Question 16

moisture gradient

Answer 16

trees showed clumping along moisture gradient

-dry at top, wet at bottom

Question 17

Ehleringer and Clark

Answer 17

• encelia californica = cool moist and cool dry
• encelia actoni = dry warm
• encelia farinosa = hot

Question 18

kangaroos

Answer 18

climate impacts their distribution

Question 19

climate change

Answer 19

organisms retreat northward in response to melting glaciers –> evidence in pollen

Question 20

Tree dispersal rate

Answer 20

100-400 meters per year

Question 21

range expansion

Answer 21

dispersal involving the movement of small seeds or larvae over large geographical area

Question 22

Tree of heaven (A. altisima)

Answer 22

• example of range expansion
• grew rapidly and produced many seeds and became invasive because it didn’t have its control species like it did in china
• moth spread rapidly with it

Question 23

Honey bees from Africa

Answer 23

• hybridized in Brazil
• aggressive
• range expansion all the way to north america

Question 24

collared doves

Answer 24

invasive species from turkey

-introduced to Jamaca, so it spread throughout US

Question 25

difference between dispersal and migration

Answer 25

- dispersal is usually individaul - they don't return - can be small or large scale

Question 26

methods of seed dispersal

Answer 26

gravity, wind, water, pressure, animals

Question 27

Lesser Kestrals

Answer 27

- young emigrate (disperse) - 30% young females - 22% young males - 4% adults

Question 28

how do stream dwellers maintain their position?

Answer 28

- streamlined bodies - bottom dwellers - adhesion to surfaces

Question 29

spate

Answer 29

flooding of stream that causes downstream dispersal

Question 30

downstream vs upstream dispersal

Answer 30

passive vs wind or animals

Question 31

monarch dispersion

Answer 31

-migrate north throughout generations and then return to Mexico

Question 32

metapopulations

Answer 32

network of subpopulations living in patches of habitat and exchanging individuals

Question 33

sub populations

Answer 33

- high connectivity and frequent movement of populations | - relatively reproductively isolated

Question 34

Alpine butterfly

Answer 34

- has subpopulations - only 5.8-15.2% were recaptured in different meadows - the ones in small meadows were more likely to disperse