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III. Vision of Children > Special Needs (F) > Flashcards

Special Needs (F) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the condition in which child displays an ongoing pattern of uncooperative, disobedient, defiant, and hostile behavior towards people in authority? 1. What is thought to be the cause? 2. What can it lead to? 3

A
  1. oppositional defiant disorder
  2. combo of biological, psychological and social factors
  3. conduct disorder
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2
Q

How is severity of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) quantified?

A
  1. mild: IQ 70 to 55
  2. moderate: IQ 55 to 35
  3. severe: IQ 35 to 20
  4. profound: IQ below 20
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3
Q

What are the important exam procedures with a patient with autism?

A
  1. Ask about sensitivities(Try to avoid overstimulating)
  2. Important to have supports and modifications
  3. shaping (slowly get to desired objective)
  4. High probability request / Low probability request
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4
Q

What are the physical characteristics of patients with down syndrome?

A 
o Slanted eyes
o Flat nasal bridge
o Flat and wide face
o Short neck
o Small chin
o Small mouth
o Large tongue(Lead to obstructive sleep apnea)
o Short stature
o Excessive joint flexibility
o Short fingers
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5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Aspergers syndrome?

A
  1. High functioning end of the spectrum
  2. Difficulty with social interactions, exhibit restricted range of interests, and/or repetitive behaviors
  3. Robotic speech
  4. Lack of eye contact
  5. Awkward movement or mannerism
  6. Inability to understand social/emotional issues
  7. Obsession with unusual topics
  8. Motor development may be delayed
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6
Q

What is the language of a patient with down syndrome generally like?

A

receptive better than expressive

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7
Q

What are the medical conditions associated with down syndrome?

A 
o Congenital heart defect
o Hirschsprung’s disease
o Hearing loss
o Thyroid conditions – hypo most common
o Childhood leukemia
o Alzheimer’s disease: 50-70% of those who reach 60 years old
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8
Q

What are the three types of Down Syndrome?

A
  1. Trisomy 21 (95%)
  2. Translocation (4%)
  3. Mosaicism (1%)
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9
Q

What are the criteria that a person must have three of in order to be considered conduct disorder?

A
  1. Aggression to people and animals
  2. Destruction of property
  3. Deceitfulness or theft
  4. Serious violation of rules
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10
Q

What is a general term for a group of complex disorders of brain development characterized by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors? 1. What is the prevalence? 2. What gender is more common? 3. When does it emerge? 4

A
  1. autism
  2. 1 in 68 Americans
  3. boys 4 to 5x more
  4. 2 to 3yo
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11
Q

What is the team that helps to make the diagnosis of autism?

A
  1. Psychologist
  2. Pediatrician
  3. Speech and language pathologist
  4. Occupational therapist
  5. Autism Spectrum Disorder
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12
Q

What are the ocular associations of down syndrome?

A
  1. significant refractive error (fail to emmetropize)
  2. VA worse after hit the age of 2
  3. accommodative insufficiency
  4. strabismus (19 to 34%)
  5. amblyopia (17%)
  6. prominent epicanthal folds
  7. more likely to get blepharitis
  8. higher kerataconus (1%)
  9. Brushfield spots
  10. ON inc number of vessels, spoked pattern and hypoplasia
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13
Q

What are the treatments associated with autism?

A
  1. Multi-disciplinary team
  2. 25 hours/wk of structured therapeutic activities
  3. Focus on core areas affected by autism: social skills, language and communication, imitation, play skills, daily living and motor skills.
  4. Interaction with typically developing peers
  5. Engaging parents in the intervention decision making and treatment
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14
Q

What chronic condition is marked by persistent inattention, hyperactivity and sometimes impulsivity? 1. What gender is it more common in? 2

A
  1. ADHD

2. boys

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15
Q

What are the causes of cerebral palsy?

A
  1. Ischemic stroke – fetal or after birth
  2. Birth trauma, hypoxia
  3. Bacterial meningitis
  4. Viral encephalitis
  5. Head injury from MVA or fall
  6. Child abuse
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16
Q

What is the screening tool used for autism? 1. What is the procedure? 2

A
  1. M-CHAT (Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers)

2. 20 questions that parents can answer that gives a risk assessment result

17
Q

What conditions lead to considerration of special needs for a medical issue? 1. Behavior issue? 2. Developmental? 3. Learning issue? 4. Mental health? 5

A
  1. cancer, CP, CF
  2. ADHD, ODD
  3. IDD, ASD
  4. dyslexia
  5. anxiety, bipolar
18
Q

What is a neurologic disorder that appears in infancy or early childhood caused by brain damage and permanently affects body movement and muscle coordination?

A

Cerebral Palsy

19
Q

What is the condition in which there is a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or societal norms or rules are violated?

A

conduct disorder

20
Q

What is the disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, problem solving) and in adaptive behavior, which covers a range of everyday social and practical skills? 1. When does it originate? 2

A
  1. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD)

2. before 18yo

21
Q

What are the causes (or contributing factors) of autism?

A
  1. Appears to be combination of autism risk genes and environmental factors influencing
    early brain development
  2. Environmental stresses: Advanced parental age (mom and dad), Maternal illness during pregnancy, and Oxygen deprivation during birth
  3. Reduce risk by mothers taking prenatal vitamins with folic acid months before conception and during pregnancy
22
Q

What are focal areas of iris stromal connective tissue hyperplasia surrounded by relative hypoplasia?

A

Brushfield spots

23
Q

What are the signs or red flags associated with autism?

A
  1. No big smiles or other joyful expressions by 6 months
  2. No back-and-forth sharing of sounds, smiles or facial expressions by 9 months
  3. No babbling by 12 months
  4. No back-and-forth gestures such as pointing, showing, reaching or waiving by 12 months
  5. No words by 16 months
  6. No meaningful two-word phrases by 24 months
  7. Any loss of speech, babbling or social skills at any age

III. Vision of Children (19 decks)

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