Visual Development (M1)

Question 1

During the development of contrast sensitivity, what type of spatial frequency improves in the first 10 weeks? 1. 10 weeks to 1 year? 2. After 1 year? 3

Answer 1

1. all spatial frequencies
2. high spatial frequencies
3. low spatial frequency falloff develops

Question 2

What is the VEP that goes over a range of spatial frequencies for acuity?

Answer 2

sweep VEP (sVEP)

Question 3

When are long and medium wavelengths distinguishable? 1. Short wavelengths? 2. When is color vision adult-like? 3

Answer 3

1. one week
2. 2 months
3. 4 months

Question 4

Is the inner segment at birth wider or shorter? 1. Outer segment? 2

Answer 4

1. 3x wider

2. 10x shorter

Question 5

What is the change in retinal development at 60 months?

Answer 5

cones near adult-like

Question 6

What is the initial duration of pursuits? 1. What age are pursuits mostly seen? 2. At what age do they follow a moving object 180deg? 3

Answer 6

1. 0.3 to 0.4 sec
2. 6 to 8 weeks but maybe newborn
3. 4 months

Question 7

What is the change in retinal development at 45 months?

Answer 7

1. cone density increased
2. inner segment like adult
3. outer segment shorter than adults

Question 8

What are the methods to test contrast sensitivity in development?

Answer 8

1. sVEP

2. PL (contrast gratings and Hiding Heidi)

Question 9

What are the best methods to assess the visual acuity development of a child?

Answer 9

1. preferential looking (Teller)

2. Visual evoked potential (VEP)

Question 10

What is the type of migration of the inner retinal layers during development? 1. Outer layers? 2

Answer 10

1. centrifugal

2. centripetal

Question 11

Which is faster to get to 20/20 as measured: VEP or preferential forced choice? 1. Why are these different? 2

Answer 11

1. VEP

2. have behavioral, cognitive and perceptual components in preferential choice, unlike VEP

Question 12

What is the change in retinal development at 15 months?

Answer 12

1. cone segments longer and thinner

2. smaller diameter rod-free zone

Question 13

When does the foveal depression begin to evolve?

Answer 13

7 mos gestation

Question 14

What does the cone segments at birth being short and thick lead to for vision?

Answer 14

1. poor wave guiding (reduce capture)

2. low cone density (red resolution)

Question 15

What age does converge and diverge accurately improve rapidly? 1. When does vergence to disparity come in? 2

Answer 15

1. first 3 to 5 months

2. 6 months

Question 16

What is the conversion method for cpd to Snellen acuity?

Answer 16

600/cpd = Snellen denominator (nominator is 20)

Question 17

When are horizontal saccades present? 1. Vertical saccades? 2. What is altered about these until later? 3. When are they adult-like? 4

Answer 17

1. birth
2. up is 4 to 6 weeks, down is 3 months
3. latency greater, incomplete, wrong direction
4. 6 months

Question 18

How long is accommodation fixed at a close distance (3-5D)?

Answer 18

1 to 2 mo

Question 19

What accommodative changes occur around 2 months?

Answer 19

1. change with altered target distance
2. proximal contributes
3. no change with added lenses

Question 20

What is the accommodation like for a child at 3 to 4 months?

Answer 20

adult-like accuracy with distances less than 1m (6-8mo has further distances)

Question 21

What develops first: accommodative vergence or fusional vergence?

Answer 21

accommodative

Question 22

What percent of children show stereopsis at 3 months? 1. 4 months? 2. 5 months? 3. 6 months? 4. When is it adult-like? 5

Answer 22

1. 20%
2. 60%
3. 85%
4. 95%
5. 2 years

Question 23

When does resolution acuity approach 20/20?

Answer 23

8 months old