Hyperopia, Mutti (M1)

Question 1

What is the normal range of refractive error for toddlers?

Answer 1

plano to +3.00

Question 2

At what point for the emmetropization of the eye does the S-curve tilt upwards?

Answer 2

+5.00

Question 3

What is the theory that the eye responds to its own refractive error, changing its growth rate to reduce refractive error?

Answer 3

emmetropization theory (myope = stop signal; hyperope = grow signal)

Question 4

Which type of astigmatism tends to resolve more readily? 1. Not resolve? 2

Answer 4

1. WTR

2. ATR

Question 5

What is the change in refractive error from infants to children?

Answer 5

1. skewed towards myopia

2. leptokurtotic (spiky, low std. dev)

Question 6

If a child is hyperopic around school-age, what will their correction most likely be later on?

Answer 6

hyperopic

Question 7

Does the cornea increase or decrease in lens power (how much relative to other structures)?

Answer 7

decreases but much less than lens

Question 8

When emmetropization occurs that is more or less than expected, what is the cause?

Answer 8

accommodation (instead of blur)

Question 9

At what point of hyperopia in school-aged children should you pay attention?

Answer 9

+2.00

Question 10

What is the progression of hyperopes during childhood? 1. Myopes? 2

Answer 10

1. no progression

2. progress

Question 11

What is the defocus for hyperopes from? 1. What helps to eliminate this? 2

Answer 11

1. lag

2. glasses

Question 12

What is the refractive error like for infants?

Answer 12

low degree of hyperopia with high standard deviation

Question 13

Does the lens increase or decrease in lens power?

Answer 13

decreases with age (plateau around 10 yo)

Question 14

What is the progression of axial growth in hyperopes? 1. Myopes? 2. Emmetropes? 3

Answer 14

1. shortest but still growing
2. growing the most
3. growing

Question 15

What is the normal range of refractive error for newborns?

Answer 15

plano to +5.00

Question 16

Does early correction of hyperopia affect emmetropization?

Answer 16

no, end up in same spot as untreated

Question 17

When do you intervene with hyperopia in childhood?

Answer 17

1. BV problems (aniso, esotropia, high accom lag)
2. delayed reading
3. acuity deficit

Question 18

What seems to be the driving factor in emmetropization of humans? 1. What can be done to improve this? 2

Answer 18

1. ability to accommodate

2. accommodative training

Question 19

When is the most action of growth of the anterior chamber?

Answer 19

very early on (about 1.0mm)

Question 20

Is astigmatism common or uncommon in infancy?

Answer 20

common