Splanchnology Flashcards
(489 cards)
1
Q
What is the other name of the pituitary gland?
A
hypophysis
2
Q
Identify two sources of blood to the liver.
A
hepatic artery, portal vein
3
Q
What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the bladder?
A
contracts detrusor, relaxes internal sphincter
4
Q
List the four sets of lymph nodes that drain the tongue. Identify which portion of the tongue each lymph node drains.
A
superior deep cervical nodes (posterior 1/3 of tongue)
inferior deep cervical nodes (medial/ant. 2/3 of tongue)
submandibular nodes (lateral portion of ant. 2/3 of tongue)
submental (apex of tongue)
5
Q
Which paired female glands are homologous with the bulb and the corpus spongiosum of the penis? Where are they located?
A
vestibular (aka bartholin’s) glands
located on sides of vaginal orifice under bulbospongiosus muscles
6
Q
Which arteries supply the head of the pancreas?
A
superior and inferior pancreatico-duodenal arteries
7
Q
Which is the widest part of the fallopian tube?
A
ampulla
8
Q
Which paranasal sinus is largest?
A
maxillary
9
Q
Between which lobes of the liver is the gallbladder embedded?
A
right and quadrate lobe
10
Q
How is the descending colon innervated?
A
sympathetic (lumbar trunk, superior hypogastric plexus)
parasympathetic (pelvic splanchnic nerves)
11
Q
In what portion of the esophagus does peristalsis occur?
A
lower 2/3
12
Q
How is lymph drained from the anus?
A
superior to pectinate line (internal iliac lymph nodes)
inferior to pectinate line (superficial inguinal lymph nodes)
13
Q
How are teeth innervated?
A
superior alveolar nerve (branch of CN V2)
inferior alveolar nerve (branch of CN V3)
14
Q
Which structures drain blood from the ejaculatory ducts?
A
prostatic and vesical venous plexi
15
Q
How would an increase in activity along CN X affect peristalsis in the stomach?
A
increased peristalsis
16
Q
Which chamber forms the pulmonary (left) surface of the heart?
A
left ventricle
17
Q
Name the cartilage that sits on top of the arytenoid cartilage.
A
corniculate cartilage
18
Q
Where is the angular notch (incisure) of the stomach?
A
2/3 along the lesser curvature, where the body and pylorum meet
19
Q
Which muscle makes up the anterior pillar of the soft palate?
A
palatoglossus
20
Q
Name the muscles that make up the pillars of the fauces.
A
palatoglossal, palatopharyngeal
21
Q
What line separates the superior and the inferior anal canal. By what other names is it known?
A
pectinate (aka dentate line, white line of Hilton)
22
Q
Which paranasal sinus is innervated by the superior alveolar nerves (branches of CN V2)?
A
maxillary sinus
23
Q
Where are the bulbourethral glands located in relation to the urethra?
A
posterolateral to the urethra
24
Q
Which artery supplies the parenchyma of the lung?
A
bronchial artery
25
From which tissue is the pineal gland derived?
invagination of the diencephalon
26
What is another name for the apex of the renal pyramid?
renal papilla
27
What structure is located between the tail of the epididymis and the seminal vesicles?
Vas (aka ductus) deferens
28
From which embryological cells is the medulla of the adrenal derived?
neural crest cells
29
Which structure of the penis surrounds the spongy urethra?
corpus spongiosum
30
Which artery runs along the atrioventricular groove?
right coronary artery
31
Which nodes drain lymph from the esophagus?
paratracheal and inferior deep cervical lymph nodes drain the upper esophagus
left gastric lymph nodes drain the lower esophagus
32
How many permanent teeth do most adults have? How many incisors, canines, premolars (aka bicuspids) and molars?
32 (8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars (or bicuspids), 12 molars)
33
Which structure attaches the liver to the abdominal wall?
round ligament
34
Which part of the uterus is a round section that lies superior to the body?
fundus
35
Where is the majority of the jejunum located?
upper left quadrant
36
What structures are muscular elevations in the wall of the right ventricle?
trabeculae carneae
37
What name is given to the mucosal folds on the inside of the stomach?
rugae
38
Name the cylindrical structures of the body of the penis.
corpora cavernosa (aka crus penis) has two cylinders
corpus spongiosum is a single cylinder
39
In which quadrant or quadrants can the liver be found?
right and left upper quadrants
40
Trace the flow of urine from the renal pyramid to the ureter.
renal pyramid, renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
41
Which part of the fallopian tube is a thick walled entry into the uterus?
isthmus
42
Which vein drains blood from the parts of the heart supplied by the left coronary artery?
great cardiac vein (aka anterior interventricular vein)
43
Name the lobes and fissures of the lungs.
right lung (superior, middle, and inferior lobes separated by horizontal and oblique fissures)
left lung (superior and inferior lobes separated by oblique fissure)
44
Which duct is formed from the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicles?
ejaculatory duct
45
Name the ligaments that hold the ovaries to the lateral wall.
suspensory ligaments
46
How is lymph drained from the ovaries?
lumbar lymph nodes
47
What is the only portion of the duodenum that is not retroperitoneal?
ampulla
48
Which veins drain the thyroid?
superior, middle, inferior thyroid veins
49
What does the round ligament of the uterus (ligamentum teres uteri) contain?
Nothing
50
How is the uterus innervated?
uterovaginal plexus
51
Which part of the penis is a distal expansion of the corpus spongiosum?
glans penis
52
Name the lymph nodes that drain the salivary glands.
submandibular (deep cervical nodes)
parotid (superifical and deep cervical lymph nodes)
53
Name five items that occupy the renal sinus.
renal pelvis, calices, vessels, nerves, fat
54
Which arteries supply each of the three salivary glands?
submandibular (submental branch of facial artery)
sublingual (sublingual and submental branches of the lingual and facial arteries)
parotid (branches of superficial temporal artery and external carotid artery)
55
Where is the perineal body and what is its function?
located between vagina and anal canal
supports vagina posteriorly
56
Which larger vein collects blood from the tongue via the dorsal and deep lingual veins?
inferior jugular vein
57
Which major arteries supply the duodenum?
celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery
58
Where is the incisive foramen and what structures go through it?
posterior to the central incisors (in the maxillae)
nasopalatine nerve and sphenopalatine artery
59
How is lymph drained from the labia majora and minora?
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
60
Which arteries supply the transverse colon?
middle colic artery from the superior mesenteric artery
also right/left colic arteries
61
Which right sided valve closing contributes to S2?
pulmonary valve
62
Which part of the uterus guards entry into the uterus from the vagina?
cervix
63
Name the meatus that has openings to the maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses.
middle meatus
64
Are ureters retroperitoneal?
Yes
65
Which nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?
CN I (olfactory)
66
Which vessel supplies the liver with oxygenated blood? Which vessel delivers relatively deoxygenated blood to the liver?
hepatic artery
portal vein
67
What is the effect of a parasympathetic signal to the stomach?
increased peristalsis and acid secretion
68
How is the liver innervated?
by hepatic nerve plexus, which comes from the celiac nerve plexus
69
How is lymph drained from the gall bladder?
via hepatic lymph nodes
70
How is lymph drained from the descending colon?
epiploic and paracolic lymph nodes drain intermediate colic lymph nodes
71
What is the other name for the esophageal junction? What histological change occurs at this junction?
z-line
esophageal mucosa changes to gastric mucosa
72
Which structure connects the liver to the abdominal wall and is the remnant of the obliterated umbilical vein? What is another name for this structure?
round ligament (aka ligamentum teres)
73
Which paranasal sinus drains into the middle meatus and is innervated by branches of CN V1?
frontal sinus
74
Which parts of the heart are supplied by the right coronary artery?
AV and SA nodes, right atrium, most of right ventricle, part of left ventricle, part of AV septum
75
Which part of the broad ligament covers the ovary and is located between the ovary and the pelvic wall?
mesovarium
76
Which smaller lobes of the liver may both be considered part of the right lobe?
caudate and quadrate lobes
77
How does lymph drain from the sigmoid colon?
epiploic and paracolic lymph nodes drain intermediate colic lymph nodes
78
How is the sigmoid colon innervated?
sympathetic (lumbar trunk, superior hypogastric plexus)
parasympathetic (pelvic splanchnic nerves)
79
How much of the esophagus is intra-abdominal?
1 cm
80
Where on the tongue is the foramen cecum? What embryological structure is it a remnant of?
pit on the dorsal surface of the tongue
thyroglossal duct
81
Which veins drain the thymus?
left brachiocephalic, internal thoracic, inferior thyroid veins
82
Which arteries supply the body and tail of the pancreas?
pancreatic arteries from splenic artery
83
Via which structure does blood from the cardiac veins return to the heart?
through the coronary sinus directly into the right atrium
84
Which pyramid shaped cartilage articulates with the cricoid cartilage and anchors the vocal chords?
arytenoid cartilage
85
Which structure collects filtered blood by tunneling through the liver?
inferior vena cava
86
Which arteries supply the vagina?
uterine (from internal iliac artery)
vaginal (from uterine artery)
87
Which chamber forms most of the inferior border of the heart?
right ventricle (and a little of the left ventricle)
88
Which lung has a horizontal fissure (right, left, or both)?
right
89
Name the two structures that prevent tricuspid and mitral valves from being forced open.
chordae tendinae and papillary muscle
90
What somatic nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
superior laryngeal nerve
91
Is the esophagus posterior or anterior to the trachea?
poserior
92
What is the body of the clitoris composed of?
two crura, two corpus cavernosa, glans clitioris covered by prepuce
93
Name and located the four lobes of the prostate.
anterior (aka isthmus) - anterior to urethra
posterior - posterior to urethra
lateral - sides of urethra
middle - between the urethra and the ejaculatory ducts
94
Name the three structures that pass through the hilum of the kidney.
renal artery, vein, pelvis
95
What is the name given to the inner fibrous coat that covers the testes?
tunica albuginea
96
Which sphincter of the bladder is under voluntary control? How is it innervated?
External sphincter
perineal nerve (branch of pudendal nerve, branch of sciatic nerve)
97
What cranial nerve carries tactile information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
lingual nerve (branch of CN V3)
98
Which (external/internal) is the involuntary sphincter of the anus? What type of muscle fibre is it made of, and where is this muscle located? How is it innervated?
internal sphincter is involuntary
made of smooth muscle
runs along superior 2/3 of anal canal
parasympathetic fibers of pelvic splanchnic nerves
99
What name is given to the funnel-shaped part of the fallopian tubes that opens into the peritoneal cavity?
infundibulum
100
Which veins drain the seminal vesicles?
inferior vesical vein and middle rectal veins - all drain into the internal iliac which drains into common iliac vein
101
How is lymph drained from the ascending colon?
ileocolic lymph nodes
102
Which muscle makes up the upper esophageal sphincter?
cricopharyngeus muscle
103
Which structure drains the ovaries of blood?
pampiniform plexus to ovarian vein
104
Name the veins that drain the stomach.
gastric veins, short gastric veins, and gastro-omental (gastroepiploic) veins
105
Where is the soft palate (anterior/posterior)? what kind of tissue is it composed of?
posterior 1/3 of palate
aponeurotic tissue (not bone)
106
At which spinal level is the thyroid found?
Between C5 and T1
107
Name four structures found in the renal medulla.
proximal and distal straight tubules, loop of Henle, vasa recta
108
Which arteries supply the parathyroid glands?
branches of the inferior thyroid arteries, superior thyroid arteries, tracheal artery, esophageal artery, laryngeal artery
109
Which structure drains blood from the vagina back to the heart?
vaginal venous plexus
110
Which muscle make up the posterior pillar of the soft palate?
palatopharyngeus
111
How is lymph drained from the testes?
lumbar and preaortic lymph nodes
112
Which veins drain the anus?
internal rectal venous plexus and superior/inferior rectal veins
113
Which nerve innervates the lungs?
CN X
114
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
naso-, oro-, and laryngo-
115
Which veins drain the parathyroid glands?
parathyroid veins drain into the venous plexus
116
Which vein drains blood from the sigmoid colon?
inferior mesenteric vein drains to the splenic vein, which empties into the portal vein
117
On which lung will you find the cardiac notch?
left
118
On what surface will you find the root of the lung?
mediastinal surface
119
Name four nerves that innervate the scrotum.
ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve, posterior scrotal nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
120
List the three parts of the male urethra.
prostatic, membranous, and penile (aka spongy)
121
How is lymph drained from the rectum?
superior (pararectal lymph nodes)
inferior (internal iliac lymph nodes)
122
Which paired female glands are located on the sides of the external urethral orifice and are homologous with the prostate glands?
paraurtheral (aka Skene's) glands
123
Which glands secrete mucus to cover the hard palate?
palatine glands
124
Which vein drains the descending colon?
inferior mesenteric vein drains into the splenic vein which drains into portal vein
125
List the arteries the supply the stomach.
left and right gastric, left and right gastro-omental (epiploic), short gastric arteries (spleen)
126
Which structure carries the right bundle branch of the AV bundle (AKA bundle of His)?
septomarginal trabecula
127
To which bone is the thyroid cartilage attached?
hyoid bone (via thyrohyoid membrane)
128
How are the ejaculatory ducts innervated?
inferior hypogastric plexus
129
Which chambers form the diaphragmatic (inferior) surface of the heart?
left/right ventricles
130
Which chambers form the superior border of the heart?
right/left atria and auricles
131
Which veins drain the larynx?
superior/inferior laryngeal veins
132
How is the parietal pleura innervated?
intercostal and phrenic nerves
133
Which paranasal sinus innervated by the posterior ethmoidal nerve?
sphenoid sinus
134
What is the name of the flap of mucous membrane from the auditory tube that is found in the nasopharynx?
salpingopharyngeal fold
135
Name the vessel that carries blood from the aorta to the lung tissue.
bronchial artery
136
Which ligament is a lateral extension of the peritoneum of the broad ligament?
suspensory ligament
137
Name four arteries that supply the nose.
anterior and posterior ethmoidal (from ophthalmic artery)
sphenopalatine and greater palatine (from maxillary artery)
138
Name the three flexures that give the rectum its "S" shape.
sacral, anorectal, lateral flexures
139
Where in the mouth are the openings for the submandibular ducts?
in the sublingual caruncles, which are located on either side of the base of the frenulum
140
Which two structures unite to form the ejaculatory ducts?
seminal vesicle duct and ductus (aka vas) deferens
141
Name three muscles that produce speech.
arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid
142
How are the seminal vesicles innervated?
sympathetic (presynaptic fibers from superior lumbar and hypogastric nerves)
parasympathetic (presynaptic fibers from pelvic splanchnic nerves to hypogastric plexi)
143
What is the effect of the cricothyroid muscle on the vocal chords and the voice?
lengthens vocal chords, lowers pitch of voice
144
Name the muscle of the bladder.
detrusor muscle
145
What two ducts give rise to the common bile duct?
cystic duct of gallbladder and common hepatic duct of the liver
146
How is the stomach innervated?
sympathetic: thoracic splanchnic nerves (T6-T9)
parasympathetic (CNX)
147
Which structure supports the duodeno-jejunal flexure?
ligament of Treitz
148
What name is given to the double layer of peritoneum that connects the transverse colon to the greater curve of the stomach and the duodenum?
greater omentum
149
How is the gallbladder innervated?
sympathetic (celiac plexus)
parasympathetic (CNX, sensory - right phrenic nerve)
150
Which flexure of the rectum contains three transverse folds? By what other name are these folds known?
lateral flexure
valves of houston
151
What other name are the vestibular folds of the larynx known as? Where do they run?
false vocal chords
from thyroid to arytenoid
152
Which set of arteries supply the posterior tongue?
dorsal lingual arteries
153
Which nerve carries tactile and taste information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
CN IX
154
Which nerves carry taste information from the tongue?
chorda tympani branch of CN VII innervates the anterior 2/3
lingual branch of CN IX innervates the posterior 1/3
155
What is the major function of the soft palate?
prevents food from entering the nose during swallowing
156
Which nerve innervates the teeth?
superior and inferior alveolar nerves
157
What are omental appendices composed of? What other name are they known by?
Fat (aka epiploic appendices)
158
Which arteries supply the prostate gland?
prostatic arteries, inferior vesical arteries, internal iliac artery, internal pudendal artery, middle rectal artery (all come from the common iliac artery)
159
Which vein drains blood from the transverse colon?
superior mesenteric vein
160
Name the portions of the large intestine that are supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery.
1/2 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid, rectum
161
How is the rectum innervated?
sympathetic (lumbar trunk and superior hypogastric plexus)
parasympathetic (pelvic splanchnic nerves)
also visceral afferent and sensory fibers
162
Which sinus drains into the nasal cavity?
maxillary sinus
163
Which lobes of the liver are functionally independent?
right and left lobes
164
Which vein drains blood from the ileum?
superior mesenteric vein
165
At what spinal levels are the kidneys located?
T11 to L3
166
Which finger-like projections sweep the egg into the fallopian tube?
fimbria
167
How are the external muscles of the pharynx innervated? What is their main function?
pharyngeal plexus made of CN IX and CN X
swallowing
168
Which (external/internal) is the voluntary sphincter of the anus? What type of muscle fiber is it made of and where is this muscle located? How is it innervated?
external sphincter is voluntary
striated muscle
runs along inferior 2/3 of anal canal
inferior rectal nerve, which comes from pudendal nerve
169
Which cranial nerve carries touch and taste information from the epiglottis?
CN X
170
How would an increase in activity along the thoracic splanchnic nerves affect the stomach?
decrease perstalsis
171
What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
alter tongue shape
172
Is the descending colon retroperitoneal?
yes
173
How is the penis innervated?
pudendal nerve and pelvic plexi (S2-S4)
174
What structures attach the septal cusps to the valve of the ventricle wall?
chordae tendinae
175
Which structure adheres to the thoracic cage, the diaphragm and the pericardium?
parietal pleura
176
What name is given to the reflected peritoneum that runs from the rectum to the bladder in males? What name is given to the analogous structure that runs from the rectum to fornix of the vagina in females?
rectovesical pouch in males
rectouterine pouch in females (aka pouch of douglas)
177
Which is the most common ectopic site of thyroid tissue?
tongue
178
Which vein drains blood from the prostate?
prostatic venous plexus drains to the internal iliac veins
179
How are the testes innervated?
autonomic nerves from the testicular plexus of nerves contain parasympathetic (from vagal nerve) and sympathetic (T7) fibers
180
From which structures does the right atrium receive blood?
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
181
What action do splanchnic nerves have on the stomach?
decrease peristalsis and acid secretion
182
Which arteries supply the penis?
branches of internal pudendal arteries and deep arteries of the penis (all come from internal iliac artery)
183
Do the right and left pulmonary veins have valves?
no
184
At what level is the rectosigmoid junction found?
S3
185
Which arteries supply the anus?
superior to pectinate line - superior rectal artery (from inferior mesenteric artery)
inferior to pectinate line - inferior rectal artery (from internal pudendal arteries)
186
Which bones form the hard palate?
palatine processes of maxillae and the palatine bones
187
Name the major vein that drains the small intestine.
superior mesenteric vein
188
What structure does the common bile duct merge with to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla? What is another name for the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
merges with main pancreatic duct
ampulla of vater
189
Where on the tongue is sweetness detected?
apex (tip)
190
What is the blood supply to the laryngopharynx? Which vein drains the laryngopharynx? What are the lymphatics?
tonsillar artery (branch of facial artery)
external palatine vein
tonsillar (jugulodigastric) lymph nodes
191
Which artery supplies the internal larynx?
superior laryngeal artery (via the superior thyroid artery)
192
List the three bones that make up the nasal aperture.
nasal, frontal, maxilla
193
List the nine cartilages of the larynx.
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic, 2 arytenoid, 2 corniculate, 2 cuneiform
194
Which cranial nerve carries taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
CN VII
195
At which costal interspace is the mitral valve?
4th costal interspace
196
Where is the pituitary gland (aka hypophysis) located?
in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
197
Which veins drain blood away from the esophagus?
inferior thyroid vein drains the upper esophagus
left gastric vein drains the lower esophagus
198
How is lymph drained from the fallopian tubes?
lumbar lymph nodes
199
Name the peritoneum that drapes the uterus, uterine tube, and ovary.
broad ligament
200
Which arteries supply the fallopian tubes?
branches of the uterine (from internal iliac) and ovarian (from abdominal) arteries
201
How is the larynx innervated?
sensory information is carried via the internal laryngeal nerve
motor information is carried by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of CN X)
EXCEPTION: external laryngeal nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle
202
Which vein drains blood from the ascending colon?
ileocolic vein drains into the superior mesenteric vein
203
How is the kidney innervated?
renal plexus (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
204
How is the pancreas innervated?
vagus nerve and thoracic splanchnic nerve
sympathetic and parasympathetic via the celiac plexus and superior mesenteric plexus
205
Which structure separates the right and left atria?
interatrial septum
206
How are the Bartholin glands oriented?
4 and 8 o' clock
207
Name the vessel that carries blood from the right ventricle to the alveoli.
pulmonary artery
208
Name the artery that supplies the small intestine.
superior mesenteric artery
209
What is the name of the space between the teeth and the buccal gingiva?
oral vestibule
210
Which arteries supply the seminal vesicles?
inferior vesical artery and middle rectal arteries (all derived from internal iliac, which is from the common iliac artery)
211
Where is the retromammary space? What does it contain?
between deep pectoral fascia and breast
contains loose CT
212
Name the glands embedded in the external sphincter of the urethra.
bulbourethral glands
213
At what level can the esophagus be found? Where is it relative to the trachea?
T1-T4
posterior to trachea
214
Which structures drain the penis of blood?
venus plexus formed by the deep dorsal vein of the penis and superficial dorsal vein
215
How is the ileum innervated?
sympathetic (T5-T9 spinal cord segments via the celiac plexus)
parasympathetic (posterior vagal trunks via myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus)
216
On which lung will you find a projection on the upper lobe called the lingula?
left
217
Name the muscles that raise the pitch of voice when shortened.
thyroarytenoid and vocalis
218
Name the branches of the left coronary artery.
SA nodal artery, anterior interventricular branch, circumflex branch, left marginal branch
219
At what costal interspace is the aortic valve?
3rd costal interspace
220
Which structures attach the mammary glands to the dermis of the skin?
suspensory (aka cooper's) ligaments
221
Which ligament suspends the fundus of the uterus anteriorly and extends into the labia majora through the inguinal canal?
round ligament
222
Which is the largest endocrine gland in the body?
thyroid
223
How is the voluntary external urethral sphincter innervated?
pudendal nerve S2, S3, S4
224
What is the name of the vertical groove that separates smooth and rough parts of the wall of the right atrium externally?
sulcus terminalis
225
Which part of the penis contains the crura and bulb?
the root
226
Which structures attach the ventricular walls to the chordae tendinae?
papillary muscles
227
Name the region of the bladder that contains the two ureteric and the one urethral opening.
trigone
228
Name the portions of the large intestine that are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery.
1/2 of the transverse colon, ascending colon, ileocecal area
229
Which chamber forms the right border of the heart?
right atrium
230
How does lymph drain from the adrenals?
lumbar lymph nodes
231
What name is given to the sacculations of colon that appear between teniae coli?
haustra
232
Which division of the autonomic system dilates bronchioles?
sympathetic
233
Which veins drain the scrotum?
External pudendal veins drain into the great saphenous vein and to the femoral vein
234
What structure separates the quadrate lobe of the liver from the left lobe?
ligamentum teres
235
How is lymph drained from the duodenum?
pacnreatico-duodenal lymph nodes, pyloric lymph nodes, superior mesenteric lymph nodes, celiac lymph nodes
236
Which artery supplies the mucous membrane and the inferior muscles of the larynx?
inferior laryngeal artery
237
How is the anus innervated?
superior to pectinate line - inferior hypogastric plexus
inferior to pectinate line - inferior rectal nerves and branches of the pudendal nerve (sensitive to touch, pain, temperature)
238
Which is the largest cartilage in the larynx?
thyroid cartilage
239
List three structures that form the nasal septum.
vomer, ethmoid, and septal cartilage
240
Where in the small intestine does most absorption occur?
jejunum
241
Which veins drain the parts of the heart supplied by the right coronary artery?
middle and small cardiac veins
242
Where is the pineal gland located relative to the thalamus and the midbrain?
posterior to thalamus and superior to midbrain of the brainstem
243
What name is given to the double layer of peritoneum that envelops the large intestine?
mesocolon
244
Which artery supplies the appendix?
appendicular artery from the ileocolic artery, a branch of the superior mesenteric artery
245
Which blood vessels supply the teeth?
alveolar arteries from the maxillary artery
246
Which part of the broad ligament forms the mesentery of the uterine tube and is found between the fallopian tube, ovary and ovarian ligament proper?
mesosalpinx
247
Name the ligament that suspends the uterus and anchors the labia majora via the inguinal canal.
round ligament
248
Which muscle makes up the anterior wall of the right atrium?
pectinate muscle
249
What portion of the tooth is covered with enamel?
crown
250
List three possible sites of kidney stone obstruction (constrictions).
junction of pelvis/ureter, crossing of ureters at the pelvic inlet, and as ureters pass through the bladder wall
251
Name four lymph nodes that drain the parathyroids.
paratracheal, prelaryngeal, pretracheal and inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
252
Which arteries supply the greater curvature of the stomach?
right/left gastroepiploic arteries
253
What lesion should be suspected if the uvula moves asymmetrically during swallowing?
CN X
254
At what level is the larynx found?
C3-C6
255
What structure separates the right from the left lobe of the liver?
falciform ligament
256
List the three muscular layers of the stomach, from innermost to outermost.
oblique, circular, longitudinal
257
Which nerves carry motor information to the tongue?
CN X innervates the anterior 2/3, CN XII innervates the posterior 1/3
258
How is lymph drained from the vagina?
internal and external iliac lymph nodes, lumbar lymph nodes, sacral lymph nodes, superficial inguinal lymph nodes
259
At what costal interspace is the pulmonary valve?
3rd costal interspace
260
How are the labia minora and majora innervated?
branches of the ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, pudendal, perineal, and cutaneous nerves of the thigh
261
What is the name of the transverse fissure where ducts and vessels enter and leave the liver? Between which lobes is this fissure located?
porta hepatis
caudate and quadrate lobes
262
How is the thyroid innervated?
superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia
263
What is the major innervation of the palate?
CN V3 (aka maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve)
264
What is the function of the genioglossus muscle?
stick out tongue
265
Through what structure does the esophagus enter the diaphragm?
esophageal hiatus
266
How many major calices in a typical kidney?
2-3
267
To which other cartilage does the thyroid cartilage attach?
cricoid
268
What part of the stomach is the widest and the most inferior?
pyloric portion of the body
269
What structure divides the tongue in half?
lingual septum
270
Which vein drains the jejunum?
superior mesenteric vein
271
What are the three layers of a tooth (arranged from innermost to outermost)?
pulp, dentin, enamel (crown) or cement (root)
272
Name the part of the broad ligament that covers the ovary.
mesovarium
273
Can the visceral pleura sense pain?
no
274
What are the three main sections of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
275
At what level is the trachea found?
C6-T4
276
Which cranial nerve innervates most of the motor action of the tongue?
CN XII
277
How is the stylopharyngeus muscle innervated? What is its function?
CN IX
elevates the pharynx
278
What name is given to the double layer of peritoneum that connects the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach an duodenum?
lesser omentum
279
What is the function of the palatoglossus?
elevates tongue
280
Which chamber forms the left border of the heart?
mostly left ventricle, with a little bit of left auricle
281
Which are the first arteries to branch off of the aorta?
right/left coronary arteries
282
What is the name of the thick bands of longitudinal smooth muscle found in the large intestine?
teniae coli
283
Name the vessel that carries blood from the alveoli to the left atrium.
pulmonary vein
284
Which structure is an opening between the right AV orifice and the IVC orifice, and receives blood from the coronary arteries?
coronary sinus
285
What portion of the digestive tract extends from the iliac fossa to S3?
sigmoid colon
286
Which cartilage is connected by the vocal ligament?
thyroid and arytenoid
287
How is lymph drained from the penis?
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
288
Name four lymph nodes that drain the thyroid.
paratracheal, prelaryngeal, pretracheal and inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
289
List the three layers of the adrenal cortex.
glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
290
Where in the small intestine will you find the greatest number of Peyer's patches and arterial arcades?
ileum
291
Name the region of the lung where bronchi, blood vessels and nerves can enter/leave the lung.
hilum
292
From which primary germ cell layers is the cortex of the adrenal gland derived?
mesoderm
293
Name the space between the vocal chords.
rima glottidis (or simply glottis)
294
Which is firmly attached to the lungs - the visceral or parietal pleura?
visceral
295
How many alveolar sacs per alveolar duct?
5-6
296
Name the erectile tissue of which the glans penis is a part.
corpus spongiosum
297
Which artery supplies the ascending colon?
ileocolic artery from the superior mesenteric artery
298
At what level does the esophagus enter the diagphragm?
T10
299
Which ligament contains uterine vessels?
transverse cervical (aka cardinal) ligament
300
How many lactiferous ducts in a lobule?
1
301
How are the adrenal glands shaped?
right is triangular, left is semilunar
302
Which left sided valve closing produces S1?
bicuspid (aka mitral)
303
Which arteries supply the adrenals?
superior suprarenal, middle suprarenal and inferior suprarenal
304
Which vein drains blood from the lung parenchyma?
bronchial vein drains to the azygos and accessory hemiazygos veins
305
Where is the ascending colon located (right/left)?
right side of abdomen
306
Through which opening do pancreatic enzymes enter the duodenum?
duodenal papilla
307
Name the four borders of the nasal cavity and the bones that make up these borders.
root: ethmoid and sphenoid
floor: palatine processes of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bones
medial border: nasal septum
lateral border: turbinates (aka conchae)
308
What is the function of the styloglossus?
retracts tongue
309
Which structure covers the lungs?
visceral pleura
310
Where are the seminal vesicles located relative to the bladder?
between fundus of bladder and the rectum
311
What name is given to the double layer peritoneum that envelops the stomach?
mesogastrium
312
Where does the majority of the ileum lie?
lower right quadrant
313
Name two structures that maintain fecal continence in the ampulla of the rectum.
levator ani muscle and anococcygeal ligament
314
What does the broad ligament of the uterus contain?
broad ligament serves as a mesentery for the uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes
it helps in maintaining the uterus in its position
315
Is the transverse colon retroperitoneal?
no
316
Which artery supplies the ileum?
superior mesenteric artery which feeds the vasa recta
317
Draw a schema of the flow of filtrate through the nephron from the glomerulus to the renal pelvis.
glomerulus -> Bowman's capsule -> proximal tubule -> loop of Henle -> distal tubule -> collecting duct -> renal pelvis
318
Name the muscle that lowers the pitch of the voice when lengthened.
cricothyroid
319
Which arteries supply the sigmoid colon?
left colic artery and superior sigmoidal arteries (from the inferior mesenteric artery)
320
Which arteries supply the thyroid?
superior thyroid from external carotid artery and inferior thyroid from the thyrocervical trunk
321
Which nerves carry general sensory information (not taste information) from the tongue?
lingual branch of CN V3 innervates the anterior 2/3
lingual branch of CN IX innervates the posterior 1/3
322
Which part of the uterus is a constricted portion found superior to the cervix?
isthmus
323
List the three salivary glands. Where are they each located?
submandibular (body of mandible)
sublingual (floor of mouth, between mandible and genioglossus muscle)
parotid (between mandibular ramus and styloid process)
324
Which arteries supply the uterus?
uterine (from internal iliac) and ovarian (from abdominal) arteries
325
Name the branches of the right coronary artery.
SA nodal artery, right marginal branch, AV node branch, posterior interventricular branch
326
Where is the voluntary muscle of the esophagus found? Where is the involuntary?
upper 2/3
lower 2/3
middle 1/3 has both voluntary and involuntary muscle
327
What is the effect of the thyroarytenoid and vocalis muscles on the vocal chords and the voice?
shortens vocal chords, raises pitch of the voice
328
How does lymph drain from the ileum?
mesenteric lymph nodes drain to superior mesenteric lymph nodes and the ileocecal lymph nodes
also lacteals in the intestinal vili absorb fat
329
What name is given to the double layered peritoneal sac that covers the testes?
tunica vaginalis
330
Are teniae coli present in the appendix? The transverse colon? The rectum?
yes - transverse colon
no - appendix, rectum
331
Which chamber forms the apex of the heart?
left ventricle
332
List the four lobes of the liver.
right, left, quadrate, caudate
333
Where on the tongue are sour and bitter tastes detected?
posterior
334
Which arteries supply the descending colon?
left colic artery and superior sigmoid arteries (from inferior mesenteric artery)
335
Name the major nerve that supplies the larynx.
CN X
336
Are there tonsils in the tongue?
yes, lingual follicles are tonsils
337
What two additional superficial features does the left lung have that the right lung does not have?
cardiac notch on superior lobe
lingula on inferior lobe
338
How is the skeletal muscle of the external sphincter innervated?
pudendal nerve
339
How many lobes per breast?
15-25
340
At what level is the pyloric sphincter found?
L1
341
How is lymph drained from the various breast areas?
lymph nodes drain the areola, nipple and lobules into the subareolar lymphoid plexus.
lateral quadrants drain mostly into the axillary nodes but also supraclavicular, inferior deep cervical, interpectoral
medial quadrants drain into parasternal nodes and the opposite breast
lower quadrants drain into the inferior phrenic (abdominal) nodes
342
Which structures drain the fallopian tubes of blood?
tubal veins empty into ovarian veins and the uterine venous plexus
343
Which veins drain the labia majora and minora?
internal pudendal veins drain to the internal iliac, which drains to the common iliac vein
344
Name four gross elements of the renal collecting system.
papillae, medullary pyramids, renal pelvis, ureter
345
Which artery supplies the cricothyroid muscle?
cricothyroid artery (via the superior thyroid artery)
346
What is another name for secondary bronchi? How many of these are there in each lung?
lobar bronchi
2 - left lung
3 - right lung
347
Name the artery responsible for an erection.
helicine artery
348
List the layers of digestive tract from inside to out.
villi, lamnia propria, muscularis mucosae, submucoas, serosa
349
How is lymph drained from the scrotum?
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
350
What are the three main parts of the hypophysis? From which embryonic cells do they each arise?
adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) - from ectodermal cells of the roof of the mouth
pars intermedia
posterior pituitary - from ectodermal cells of the brain
351
Where are the renal pyramids? How many pyramids are there in a minor calyx?
medulla
12
352
Name the vascular beds in the anus associated with internal hemorrhage.
rectal venous plexus
353
Is the transverse colon superior or inferior to the umbilicus in a standing position?
superior
354
Which chamber forms the anterior of the heart?
right ventricle
355
What are haustra?
pouches in the colon
356
Which bones make up the lateral walls of the nose?
conchae (aka turbinate bones)
357
Where is the left paracolic gutter found?
lateral to descending colon
358
Name the ligament that attaches ovaries to the uterus.
ovarian ligament
359
How is lymph drained from the transverse colon?
middle colic lymph nodes drain into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes
360
Name the part of the broad ligament that covers the uterine tubes.
mesosalpinx
361
List four intrinsic muscle of the tongue. What are their functions?
superior and inferior longitudinal, transverse and vertical muscles - all alter the shape of the tongue
362
Which paranasal sinus is innervated by branches of CN V1 and drains into superior and middle meatus?
ethmoid sinus
363
Which lung has two lobes?
left
364
How are the adrenals innervated?
celiac plexus and thoracic splanchnic nerves
chromaffin cells are under sympathetic control
365
Which artery supplies the anterior tongue?
deep lingual artery
366
Which is the shortest portion of the small intestine?
duodenum
367
What is the name of the vertical groove that separates smooth and rough parts of the wall of the right atrium internally?
crista terminalis
368
What is the function of the infrahyoid muscles? Name four of them.
depress hyoid and larynx
sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and omohyoid
369
Where on the tongue is saltiness detected?
lateral margins
370
How are the palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus muscles innervated? What are their fucntions?
CN XI
palatopharyngeus depresses soft palate
salpingopharyngeus opens the auditory tube
371
Name the gland whose duct opens at the level of the 2nd maxillary molars.
parotid gland
372
Which veins drain blood from the duodenum?
duodenal veins
373
Which arteries supply the ejaculatory ducts?
deferential arteries (from interior vesical artery, from internal iliac, from common iliac artery)
374
Which structure conducts impulses from the AV node along the left branch?
AV bundle
375
Which part of the stomach controls discharge into the duodenum?
pyloric antrum/sphincter
376
What name is given to the laterally reflected peritoneum in the rectum? What purpose does it serve?
pararectal fossa
permits distension of the full rectum
377
How is lymph drained from the seminal vesicles?
internal iliac lymph nodes
378
What muscle forms the scrotal septum?
dartos muscle
379
Which artery runs in the coronary groove?
left coronary artery
380
Which joints are responsible for changing the length of the vocal folds?
cricothyroid joints
381
What part of the stomach surrounds the esophageal junction?
cardia of the stomach
382
Name five structures that empty into the coronary sinus.
anterior interventricular vein, posterior interventricular vein, left posterior ventricular vein, left marginal vein, small cardiac veins
383
How is lymph drained from the prostate?
internal iliac lymph nodes and sacral lymph nodes
384
What is the other name given to the pharyngeal tonsil?
adenoid
385
What is the name of the structure that connects the anterior liver to the abdominal wall?
falciform ligament
386
What is the homologue of the right middle lobe in the left lobe?
lingula
387
Which artery supplies the testes with blood?
testicular arteries from the abdominal aorta
388
At what vertebral level is the esophagus found?
C6-T10
389
How are the paraurethral glands oriented?
2 and 10 o'clock
390
How is lymph drained from the pancreas?
pancreatico-splenic lymph nodes drain into celiac, hepatic and superior mesenteric lymph nodes
391
At which costal interspace is the tricuspid valve?
4th, 5th intercostal spaces
392
How is lymph drained from the stomach?
gastric lymph vessels drain into gastric and gastro-omental (gastro-epiploic) lymph nodes
393
How is lymph drained from the uterus?
internal and external iliac lymph nodes, lumbar lymph nodes, sacral lymph nodes, and superficial inguinal lymph nodes
394
Which chamber forms the base (posterior) of the heart?
left atrium
395
Name and locate the four types of lingual papillae.
vallate (anterior to terminal sulcus)
foliate (posterior sides)
filliform (throughout)
fungiform (mostly at apex)
396
How are the fallopian tubes innervated?
ovarian plexus and uterovaginal plexus
397
What portion of the tooth lies between the crown and the root?
neck
398
Which arteries supply the labia majora and minora?
internal pudendal (from internal iliac)
external pudendal (from femoral) arteries
399
Which parts of the heart are supplied by the left coronary artery?
SA node, left atrium, most of left ventricle, part of right ventricle, IV septum
400
Which veins drain the gallbladder?
cystic veins, which drain into portal vein and liver
401
Which structure is the remnant of the foramen ovale?
fossa ovalis
402
How are the parathyroid glands innervated?
thyroid branches of cervical sympathetic ganglia
403
Where specifically is the AV node found?
ventricular side of the interatrial septum near the coronary sinus
404
Where does air go in a pneumothorax?
in between visceral and parietal pleura
405
Which division of the autonomic nervous system constricts bronchioles?
parasympathetic
406
How are the three salivary glands each innervated?
submandibular (CN VIII)
sublingual (CN VII)
parotid (CN IX)
407
Which vessel supplies the liver with blood?
hepatic artery (from celiac trunk)
408
What structures make up the lower esophageal sphincter?
diaphragmatic muscles
409
How is lymph drained from the larynx?
laryngeal lymph nodes superior to vocal folds drain into superior deep cervical lymph nodes
inferior to vocal folds - pretracheal or paratraceal lymph nodes
410
Which arteries supply the bladder?
common and internal iliac arteries
411
Where in the laryngopharynx are recurrent laryngeal nerves found?
deep to piriform recess (a mucosal lined depression located on the side of the inlet of the larynx)
412
Which nerve provides the stomach with parasympathetic innervation?
CN X
413
Name the vessel that carries blood from lung tissue to the azygos veins.
bronchial vein
414
What name is given to the transverse fissure on the visceral surface of the liver between the caudate and quadrate lobes?
porta hepatis
415
Which of the muscles of the tongue is innervated by CN X?
palatoglossus
416
How does lymph drain from the jejunum?
mesenteric lymph nodes drain to superior mesenteric lymph nodes
also lacteals in the intestinal villi absorb fat
417
How is the ascending colon innervated?
by superior mesenteric plexus
sympathetic - lower thoracic spinal cord
parasympathetic - vagal nerve
418
How is the appendix innervated?
by superior mesenteric plexus
sympathetic - lower thoracic spinal cord
parasympathetic - vagal nerve
419
Where in the right atrium is the sinoatrial node found?
superior end of crista terminalis
420
Which arteries supply the rectum?
proximal - superior rectal artery
middle and inferior - middle rectal arteries
anorectal junction and anal canal - inferior rectal arteries
421
Which left sided valve closing contributes to S2?
aortic valve
422
Name the female structure homologous to the prostate gland.
paraurethral glands
423
Which vein drains the adrenals?
suprarenal veins drains to renal vein
424
How long is the adult anal canal?
3-5 cm
425
What portion of the tooth is buried in the alveolar processes of the maxillae or mandible?
root
426
Which vein drains the entire pancreas?
pancreatic vein
427
Name the muscles that raise and tighten the soft palate.
levator and tensor palati
428
Is the ascending colon retroperitoneal?
yes
429
What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the bladder?
relax detrusor, close internal sphincter
430
How is lymph drained from the ejaculatory ducts?
external iliac lymph nodes
431
Which is the only valve of the heart with two cusps?
mitral valve
432
Which artery supplies the sublingual gland and the floor of the mouth?
sublingual branch of the facial artery
433
Which vein drains blood from the appendix?
ileocolic vein drains into the superior mesenteric vein
434
List the hepatic triad.
hepatic artery, portal vein, bile canaliculi
435
Which arteries supply the scrotum?
external pudendal (from femoral artery) and internal pudendal (from internal iliac artery)
436
Which gland is contained in the anterior mediastinum?
thymus gland
437
Name the five muscles of the soft palate.
levator veli palantini, tensor vali palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, musculus uvulae
438
How is lymph drained from the lung?
superficial lymphatic plexus drains parenchyma and visceral pleura into the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
deep lymphatic plexus drains root structures into the pulmonary lymph nodes
439
In which lung is a foreign object more likely to be found?
right lung
440
Which structure separates right and left ventricles?
interventricular septum
441
Which veins drain the bladder?
common and internal iliac arteries
442
Which portion of the penis fills with blood during an erection?
corpus cavernosus
443
What structure, a remnant of the obliterated ductus venosus, separates the caudate lobe from the left lobe of the liver?
ligamentum venosum
444
Which cartilage of the larynx is the working cartilage?
arytenoid
445
How is lymph drained from the appendix?
via ileocolic lymph nodes
446
What type of muscle fiber makes up the dartos muscle of the scrotum?
smooth
447
What is the function of the hypoglossus?
depresses tongue
448
Which part of the uterus forms the upper 2/3 and lies on top of the urinary bladder?
body
449
What is the main artery that supplies the tongue with blood? What larger artery is it a branch of?
lingual artery, branch of carotid artery
450
How are the ovaries innervated?
ovarian plexus to uterine plexus
parasympathetic - vagus nerve
451
List the veins that drain the stomach.
left/right gastric, left/right gastro-omental (epiploic)
452
What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles? Name four of them.
assist in elevating the hyoid bone and widening the pharynx during swallowing
mylohyoid, digastric, geniohyoid, stylohyoid muscles
453
Where is the thymus located?
lower neck, in the superior mediastinum anterior to the heart
454
How is lymph removed from the bladder?
lumbar lymph nodes, common, internal and external iliac lymph nodes
455
How is the prostate innervated?
sympathetic - inferior hypogastric plexus
parasympathetic - pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
456
Where specifically in the nephron is the macula densa?
in the distal convoluted tubule, next to afferent arteriole
457
Which vein drains blood from the testes?
testicular veins form the pampiniform plexus
458
What name is given to the line where the palatine bones fuse?
midline palatine raphae
459
Which nodes remove lymph from the kidney?
lumbar and iliac lymph nodes
460
How is the vagina innervated?
uterovaginal plexus
sympathetic - lumbar splanchnic nerves
parasympathetic - pelvic splanchnic nerves
461
What structure separates the quadrate lobe from the left lobe of the liver?
ligamentum teres (aka round ligament)
462
What are the borders of the laryngopharynx?
epiglottis and pharyngoepiglottic folds superiorly
middle and inferior constrictor muscles laterally
463
Which teeth are also known as the primary or milk teeth? How many incisors, canines, and premolars (aka bicuspids) are there?
deciduous teeth
20 (8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars)
464
Name the three cellular components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, juxtaglomerular cells
465
List three internal pharyngeal muscles.
palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus
466
What is another name for tertiary bronchi?
segmental bronchi
467
Name three lymph nodes that drain the thymus.
parasternal, brachiocephalic, and tracheobrachial lymph nodes
468
Name the erectile tissue of which the crus penis is part.
corpus cavernosum
469
Which artery supplies the jejunum?
superior mesenteric artery which feeds the vasa recta
470
Which arteries supply blood to the esophagus?
inferior thyroid artery supplies the upper esophagus
left gastric and left inferior phrenic artery supply the lower esophagus
471
What muscles of the oropharynx assist in swallowing by helping the epiglottis to move food into the esophagus?
superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles
472
Which veins drain the rectum?
superior, middle, and inferior rectal veins
also submucosal rectal venous plexus
473
Which structure drains blood from the uterus?
uterine venous plexus
474
Which is inferior: right or left kidney?
right kidney
475
Which arteries supply the lesser curvature of the stomach?
right/left gastric arteries
476
Which right sided valve closing produces S1?
tricuspid
477
How many minor calices are there in a major calix?
7-13
478
What name is given to the midline of the scrotum? What is its significance?
scrotal raphe
indicates bilateral embryonic origin
479
List the four air passages of the nasal cavity.
sphenoethmoidal recess, superior, middle, and inferior meatus
480
What part of the stomach forms a dome on the superior aspect of the stomach?
fundus
481
Which arteries supply the thymus?
anterior intercostal and mediastinal branches of the internal thoracic arteries
482
Which arteries supply the ovaries with blood?
ovarian arteries from the abdominal aorta
483
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
484
Which artery supplies the gallbladder?
cystic artery (from right hepatic artery)
485
Name the three muscular layers of the stomach from innermost to outermost.
oblique, circular, longitudinal
486
Which part of the broad ligament forms the mesentery of the uterus and is found between the uterus and the pelvic wall?
mesometrium
487
Name the portions of the colon that are retroperitoneal.
ascending and descending colon
488
Name two structures under which ureters pass.
uterine artery and ductus deferens
489
Which rib bisects the kidney?
rib 12
