Stains

Question 1

Promoting easier optical differentiation & identification
of the cell & tissue components.

Answer 1

Staining

Question 2

Tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct
interaction with a dye or staining solution, producing
coloration of the active tissue component.

Answer 2

Histological staining

Question 3

thru chemical reactions that will permit microscopic
localization of a specific tissue substance.

Answer 3

Histochemical staining

Question 4

Example of histochemical staining

Answer 4

Perl’s Prussian blue for hemoglobin
Periodic Acid Schiff for carbohydrates

Question 5

the active reagent serves as a substrate upon which the
enzymes act

Answer 5

Enzyme histochemistry

Question 6

combination of immunologic and histochemical
techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected
and demonstrated under the microscope.

Answer 6

Immunohistochemical staining

Question 7

Example of immunohistochemical staining

Answer 7

• fluorescent labeled
• enzyme labeled antibody

Question 8

The process of giving color to the sections by
using aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions

Answer 8

Direct staining

Question 9

The process whereby the action of the dye is intensified
by adding another agent or mordant, which serves as a
link or bridge between the tissue and the dye, to make the
staining reaction possible.

Answer 9

Indirect staining

Question 10

Example of mordant

Answer 10

Potassium alum with hematoxylin in Ehrlich hematoxylin
Iron in Weigert’s hematoxylin

Question 11

Does not participate in the staining reaction, but it accelerates
or hastens the speed of the staining reaction by increasing the
staining power and selectivity of the dye.

Answer 11

Accentuator

Question 12

Example of accentuator

Answer 12

Potassium hydroxide innloeffler’s methylene blue
Phenol in carbol thionine and carbol fuschin

Question 13

The process by which tissue elements are stained in a
definite sequence

Answer 13

Progressive staining

Question 14

the staining solution is applied for specific periods of
time or until the desired intensity of coloring of the
different tissue elements is attained.

Answer 14

Progressive staining

Question 15

The tissue is first overstained to obliterate the cellular
details, and the excess stain is removed or decolorized
from unwanted parts of the tissue, until the desired
intensity of color is obtained

Answer 15

Regressive staining

Question 16

Is the selective removal of excess stain from the tissue
during regressive staining.

Answer 16

Differentiation or decolorization

Question 18

Example of decolorization

Answer 18

Water
Alcohol
Acid
Oxidizing agents

Question 19

tissue stains in color shades that are
similar to the color of the dye itself

Answer 19

Orthochromatic staining

Question 20

entails the use of
specific dyes which differentiate particular substances by
staining them with a color that is different from that of
the stain itself

Answer 20

Metachromatic staining

Question 21

Uses of Metachromatic Staining

Answer 21

• for staining cartilage,
• connective tissues,
• epithelial mucins,
• mast cell granules,
• amyloid

Question 22

Example of metachromatic dyes

Answer 22

1. Methyl violet or crystal violet
2. Cresyl blue (for reticulocytes)
3. Safranin
4. Bismarck brown
5. Basic fuchsin
6. Methylene blue
7. Thionine
8. Toluidine blue
9. Azure A, B, C

Question 23

The application of a
different color or stain to
provide contrast and
background to the staining
of the structural
components to be
demonstrated

Answer 23

Counterstaining

Question 24

A process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated, not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metallic salts.

Answer 24

Metallic impregnation

Question 25

forming black deposits seen under the microscope

Answer 25

Ammoniacal silver

Question 26

It is not absorbed by the tissue, held physically on the surface as a precipitate. It is a reduction product in certain tissue components

Answer 26

metallic impregnating agent / metallic impregnation

Question 27

Most valuable metal/ metallic impregnation

Answer 27

- gold (gold chloride) - silver (silver nitrate)

Question 28

staining of living cell constituents

Answer 28

Vital staining

Question 29

demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of the dye particle

Answer 29

Vital stain

Question 30

staining for mitochondria

Answer 30

Janus Green

Question 31

Done by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body

Answer 31

Intravital staining

Question 32

Intravital staining is done thru

Answer 32

Intravenous Intraperitoneal Subcutaneous

Question 33

producing specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the reticulo-endothelial system

Answer 33

Intravital staining

Question 34

Common dyes used for intravital staining

Answer 34

Lithium Carmine India ink

Question 35

Used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body.

Answer 35

Supravital Staining

Question 36

Common dyes used for supravital stain

Answer 36

• Neutral red – • Janus green - • Trypan blue - • Nile blue • Thionine • Toluidine blue

Question 37

Best vital dye

Answer 37

Neutral red

Question 38

Most common method utilized for microanatomical studies, using regressive staining

Answer 38

H & E staining technique

Question 39

4 Staining Method for Frozen section

Answer 39

• Hematoxylin-Eosin method • Thionine • Polychrome Methylene Blue • Alcoholic Pinacyanol method

Question 40

2 Categories of Dyes

Answer 40

Natural dyes: Synthetic dyes:

Question 41

Obtained from plants or animals

Answer 41

Natural dyes:

Question 42

Example of synthetic dyes

Answer 42

Aniline or Coal Tar dyes

Question 43

Used for staining elastic fibers

Answer 43

Orcein

Question 44

Most valuable staining reagent used by the cytologist

Answer 44

Hematoxylin

Question 45

Active coloring agent of hematoxylin

Answer 45

Hematin

Question 46

Most commonly used for routine histologic studies

Answer 46

Hematoxylin

Question 47

weak anionic dye

Answer 47

Hematein

Question 48

Has little affinity for tissues but become a strong nuclear dye when combined with a metallic mordant

Answer 48

Hematin

Question 49

substances with definite atomic groupings and are capable of producing visible colors

Answer 49

Chromophores

Question 50

Capable of staining cytoplasm and nucleus

Answer 50

Neutral dyes

Question 51

where the coloring • substances are found in the acid component and sodium is the agent used to remove the base radical.

Answer 51

Acid dye

Question 52

Remove acid radical

Answer 52

sulfuric or hydrochloric acid.

Question 53

Routinely used in histopathology as a counterstain; used for differentially staining connective tissues and cytoplasm

Answer 53

Eosin

Question 54

Commonly used as a background stain

Answer 54

Eosin Y Eosin B, Erythrosin B

Question 55

Mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin for the demonstration of connective tissues

Answer 55

Van Gieson stain

Question 56

Basic acridine fluorochrome which permits discrimination between dead and living cells

Answer 56

Acridine Orange

Question 57

For the demonstration of calcium salts deposits and possible sites of phosphatases activities

Answer 57

Acridine Red 3B

Question 58

Excellent stain because it is simple and produces a striking blue color

Answer 58

Alcian blue

Question 59

Cytoplasmic stain used for counterstaining epithelial sections

Answer 59

Aniline blue

Question 60

Used for staining hemoglobin

Answer 60

Benzidine

Question 61

Contrast stain for Gram’s technique in acid fast and Papanicolau method, -

Answer 61

Bismarck brown

Question 63

Stains diptheria organisms

Answer 63

Bismarck brown

Question 64

Best known as an indicator, but may be utilized as a stain for axis cylinders in embryos

Answer 64

Congo Red

Question 65

nuclear or chromatin stain used for staining amyloid in frozen sections and platelets in blood

Answer 65

Crystal violet

Question 66

formed by the mixture of crystal violet, methyl violet and dextrin

Answer 66

Gentian violet

Question 67

Gential violet is a mixture of

Answer 67

Crystal violet, methyl violet, and dextrin

Question 68

-used for staining blood to differentiate leukocytes

Answer 68

Giemsa stain

Question 69

oldest of all stains, originally used for microscopic study of starch granules

Answer 69

Iodine

Question 70

Iodine stains

Answer 70

Stains amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotenes and glycogen

Question 71

weakly basic dye used as a contrast stain for staining ascaris eggs and erythrocytes and bacterial spore stain, Also a decolorizer

Answer 71

Malachite green

Question 72

Methylene blue contains

Answer 72

Azure and methyl violet

Question 73

Excellent stain for elastic fibers

Answer 73

Orcein

Question 74

Recommended for dermatological studies due to its ability to demonstrate the finest and most delicate fibers in the skin

Answer 74

Orcein

Question 75

used with osmic acid to fix and stain blood and glandular tissues

Answer 75

Rhodamine B

Question 76

Recommended for staining of Nissl granules or chromatophilic bodies

Answer 76

Toluidine blue

Question 77

For the demonstration of neuroglia in frozen sections

Answer 77

Victoria blue