Intro To Gen Path Flashcards
1
Q
Cells work together in functionally related
groups
A
Tissues
2
Q
Types of tissues
A
- Epithelial – lining and covering
- Connective – support
- Muscle – movement
- Nervous – control
3
Q
- Covers a body surface or lines a body
cavity - Forms most glands
A
Epithelial Tissue
4
Q
Most diverse and abundant tissue
A
Connective Tissue
5
Q
Main classes of connective tissue
A
– Connective tissue proper
– Blood – Fluid connective tissue
– Cartilage
– Bone tissue
6
Q
Components of connective tissue
A
– Cells (varies according to tissue)
– Matrix
7
Q
Common embryonic origin
A
mesenchyme
8
Q
Structures of Connective Tissue Proper
A
- cells
- fibers
- ground substance
9
Q
Cells found in connective tissue proper
A
– Fibroblasts
– Macrophages, lymphocytes (antibody producing cells)
– Adipocytes (fat cells)
– Mast cells
– Stem cells
10
Q
What are the fibers
A
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
11
Q
branching fibers with a wavy appearance
A
Elastic
12
Q
very strong & abundant, long & straight
A
Collagen
13
Q
fills the extracellular space
A
Ground substance
14
Q
Classifications of Connective Tissue Proper
A
Loose connective tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
15
Q
What are Loose Connective Tissue
A
– Areolar
– Reticular
– Adipose
16
Q
What are Dense Connective Tissue
A
– Regular
– Irregular
– Elastic
17
Q
largely composed of
unilocular lipid-filled
adipocytes that specialize in
lipid storage,
A
White adipose tissue
18
Q
largely composed of
multilocular adipocytes that
specialize in lipid burning.
A
Brown adipose tissue
19
Q
Long, cylindrical cells
A
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
20
Q
Spindle-shaped cells with
central nuclei
A
Smooth Muscle Tissue
21
Q
Branching cells
A
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
22
Q
Occurs in walls of heart
A
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
23
Q
attached to bones
A
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
24
Q
Location of smooth muscle
A
walls of hollow organs
25
Voluntary movement
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
26
Involuntary control
Smooth Muscle Tissue
27
Uni-nucleate
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
28
Intercalated discs
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
29
Obvious striations
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
30
No striations
Smooth Muscle Tissue
31
is composed of
neurons supported by
a framework of glial
cells and microglia
Nervous Tissue
32
Processes of these
cells combine to form
a delicate fibrillary
background
Neurophil
33
Receive and transmit electrical signals
Neurons
34
Surround the neurons and provide support and insulation between them
Glial cells
35
Major phagocytic cells in CNS
Microglia
36
Major supporting cells in the brain
Astrocytes
37
Wrap around the axons of neurons to form myelin
Oligodendrocytes
38
Line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
Ependymal cells
39
What is pathology?
Study of disease
40
It involves the investigation of the causes
of disease and the associated changes at
the levels of cells, tissues, and organs,
Pathology
41
any disturbance / abnormal variation in
the structure and/or function of the body
Disease
42
The causes of disease
- environmental factor
- genetic factor
- combination of environmental genetic factor
43
Environmental factor
1. Physical agent
2. Chemicals
3. Nutritional deficiencies and excesses
4. Infections and infestations
5. Immunological factor
6. Psychogenic factor
44
Example of physical agent
trauma, radiation,
extremes of temperature,
and electric power
45
Example of nutritional deficiencies and excesses
• poor supply,
• interference with
absorption,
• inefficient transport
within the body, or
• defective utilization.
46
Examples of Infections and infestations
- viruses, bacterial, fungi, protozoa
47
Example of Immunological factors
- Hypersensitivity reaction
- Immunodeficiency
- Autoimmunity
48
The mental
stresses imposed
by conditions of life,
particularly in
technologically
advanced
communities.
Psychogenic factor
49
The different stages in the
natural history of disease
Exposure to various risk
factors
Latency
Biological onset of disease
Incubation (induction) period
The clinical onset of the
disease
The onset of permanent
damage
Death
50
PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF DISEASE
–Etiology
–Pathogenesis
–Morphologic changes
– Functional derangements and Clinical
Significance
51
the origin of a disease, including
the underlying causes and modifying
factors
Etiology
52
refers to the steps in the
development of disease
pathogenesis
53
refer to the structural
alterations in cells or tissues
that occur following the
pathogenetic mechanisms
Morphologic
changes
54
determine the clinical
features, course, and
prognosis of the
disease.
Functional
derangements and
clinical significance
55
any indication of a disease perceived
by the patient.
Symptoms
56
objective findings noticed by the doctor on
examination of the patient
Signs
57
start of the disease
Onset
58
prediction of the outcome of the
disease
Prognosis
59
outcome of the disease
Fate
60
new disease conditions that may
occur during or after the usual course of the original
disease.
Complications
61
Study of the basic reactions of cells and tissues to pathologic stimuli that underlie all diseases
General pathology
62
Study of the particular responses of specialized organs and tissues to well-defined stimuli
Systemic pathology
63
SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
* GROSS PATHOLOGY
* CELLULAR PATHOLOGY
* SURGICAL PATHOLOGY:
* CLINICAL PATHOLOGY:
* IMMUNOPATHOLOGY:
64
refers to
macroscopic anifestations
of disease in organs,
tissues, and body cavities
Gross Pathology
65
is the study of tissues removed from living patients during surgery to help
diagnose a disease and
determine a treatment plan
Surgical Pathology
66
Histopathology and
cytopathology are key
diagnostic tests in the initial
detection and diagnosis of
cancer and other diseases
supported by modern
molecular techniques
Cellular Pathology
67
The science and practice
of medical diagnosis by
laboratory examination
and analysis of tissue
specimens body fluids and other samples.
Clinical Pathology
68
is a branch of medicine that
deals with immune responses associated with
disease.
Immunopathology
69
Diagnostic techniques used in Pathology
* Histopathology
* Cytopathology
* Hematopathology
* Immunohistochemistry
* Microbiological examination
* Biochemical examination
* Cytogenetics
* Molecular techniques
* Autopsy
70
studies
tissues under the
microscope
Histopathological
techniques
71
tissue sample
from a living person to
identify the disease.
biopsy
72
Biopsy can be either
incisional or excisional
73
study
of cells from various body
sites to determine the
cause or nature of disease
Cytopathologic techniques
74
this is a method by which
abnormalities of the cells
of the blood and their
precursors in the bone
marrow are investigated
to diagnose the different
kinds of anemia &
leukemia
Hematological
examination
75
combines histological,
immunological and
biochemical techniques for the
identification of specific tissue components by means of a specific antigen/antibody
reaction tagged with a visible
label
Immunohistochemistry
76
This is a method by which
body fluids, excised tissue,
etc. are examined by
microscopical, cultural and
serological techniques to
identify micro-organisms
responsible for many
diseases.
Microbiological
examination
77
This is a method by which
the metabolic disturbances of disease are investigated by assay of various normal and abnormal compounds in the blood and urine
biochemical examination
78
This is a method in which
inherited chromosomal
abnormalities in the germ cells
or acquired chromosomal
abnormalities in somatic cells
are investigated using the
techniques of molecular
biology
Clinical genetics
(cytogenetics)
79
Different molecular
techniques
fluorescent in situ
hybridization (FISH)
– Southern blot
80
can be used to detect
genetic diseases.
Southern blot
81
examination of the dead body to identify the
cause of death.
autopsy
