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BMSP 2135: Anatomy and Physiology 1 > STUDY GUIDE G - UNIT 2 > Flashcards

STUDY GUIDE G - UNIT 2 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

How are connective tissues classified?

A

Connective tissues are classified into:
* Connective Tissue Proper
* Supporting CT
* Fluid CT

These classifications help in understanding the diverse functions and structures of connective tissues.

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2
Q

What are the types of Connective Tissue Proper?

A

The types of Connective Tissue Proper are:
* Loose Connective Tissue
* Dense Connective Tissue

Each type has distinct structures and functions.

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3
Q

What type of Loose Connective Tissue is characterized by its structure, function, and first location?

A

Areolar CT

Areolar connective tissue is a loose arrangement of fibers that provides support and flexibility.

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4
Q

What is the structure, function, and locations of Adipose CT?

A

Adipose CT is characterized by:
* Structure: Fat cells
* Function: Energy storage, insulation, protection
* Locations: Under skin, around organs

Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in energy metabolism.

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5
Q

What is the structure, function, and first two locations of Reticular CT?

A

Reticular CT is characterized by:
* Structure: Network of reticular fibers
* Function: Provides support for organs
* Locations: Spleen, lymph nodes

Reticular connective tissue is essential for supporting the framework of certain organs.

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6
Q

What type of Dense Connective Tissue is characterized by its structure, function, and location?

A

Dense Regular CT

Dense regular connective tissue is known for its strength and is found in tendons and ligaments.

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7
Q

What is the structure, function, and first location of Dense Irregular CT?

A

Dense Irregular CT is characterized by:
* Structure: Collagen fibers arranged irregularly
* Function: Provides strength in multiple directions
* Location: Dermis of skin

This type of tissue is critical for withstanding tension.

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8
Q

What is the structure, function, and first location of Elastic CT?

A

Elastic CT is characterized by:
* Structure: Elastic fibers
* Function: Allows stretch and recoil
* Location: Walls of large arteries

Elastic connective tissue is important for maintaining blood pressure.

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9
Q

What is the term for mature cartilage cells? Where are they located?

A

Chondrocytes; located in lacunae

Chondrocytes are essential for the maintenance of cartilage.

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10
Q

What is the blood supply status of mature cartilage?

A

Mature cartilage is avascular

This means it lacks blood vessels and relies on diffusion for nutrient supply.

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11
Q

What are the structure, function, and two locations of Hyaline Cartilage?

A

Hyaline Cartilage is characterized by:
* Structure: Glassy, smooth appearance
* Function: Provides support and flexibility
* Locations: Trachea, ends of long bones

Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage.

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12
Q

What is the structure, function, and first location of Fibrocartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage is characterized by:
* Structure: Dense, fibrous tissue
* Function: Provides tensile strength and absorbs shock
* Location: Intervertebral discs

Fibrocartilage is found in areas that require support and the ability to withstand pressure.

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13
Q

What is the structure, function, and locations of Elastic Cartilage?

A

Elastic Cartilage is characterized by:
* Structure: Contains many elastic fibers
* Function: Maintains shape while allowing flexibility
* Locations: Ear, epiglottis

Elastic cartilage is important for structures that require both strength and elasticity.

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14
Q

What is another term for bone CT?

A

Osseous tissue

Osseous tissue is vital for the structural framework of the body.

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15
Q

What is the term for mature bone cells? Where are they located?

A

Osteocytes; located in lacunae

Osteocytes are involved in the maintenance of bone tissue.

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16
Q

What are the functions and location of Compact Bone?

A

Functions: Provides strength and support; Location: Outer layer of bones

Compact bone forms the dense outer layer of bone.

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17
Q

What is the location of Spongy Bone and its significance?

A

Located within the interior of bones; site of blood production (hemopoiesis)

Spongy bone contains red bone marrow, which is responsible for blood cell production.

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18
Q

What tissue is recognized as blood and what are its key components?

A

Blood; key components include red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Blood plays a crucial role in transportation and homeostasis.

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19
Q

What are striations?

A

Striations are alternating light and dark bands found in skeletal and cardiac muscle

Striations indicate the organized arrangement of muscle fibers.

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20
Q

What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscle?

A

Voluntary muscle: under conscious control; Involuntary muscle: not under conscious control

Skeletal muscle is voluntary, while cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary.

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21
Q

What are the functions of neurons?

A

Transmit impulses, process information, communicate signals

Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system.

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22
Q

What are the functions of neuroglial cells?

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A

Support, protect, and insulate neurons

Neuroglial cells are essential for maintaining homeostasis in the nervous system.

23
Q

What are body membranes?

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A

Thin layers of tissue that cover surfaces, line cavities, and form protective sheets around organs

Body membranes play critical roles in protecting and supporting organs.

24
Q

List the four types of body membranes.

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A

The four types of body membranes are:
* Mucous membranes
* Serous membranes
* Cutaneous membranes
* Synovial membranes

Each type of membrane has specific locations and functions.

25
What is a mucous membrane? Where are mucous membranes located?
A mucous membrane lines body cavities that are open to the exterior; located in respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts ## Footnote Mucous membranes secrete mucus for lubrication and protection.
26
What is a serous membrane? Where are they located? What do they produce?
A serous membrane lines closed body cavities; located in thoracic and abdominal cavities; produces serous fluid ## Footnote Serous fluid reduces friction between organs.
27
What are the two layers of a serous membrane? What is found between the layers?
Parietal layer and visceral layer; serous fluid is found between the layers ## Footnote This arrangement allows for smooth movement of organs.
28
What is a cutaneous membrane? Where is it found?
The cutaneous membrane is the skin; it covers the body surface ## Footnote The cutaneous membrane serves as a protective barrier.
29
What is a synovial membrane? Where is it found? What does it produce? What is its function?
A synovial membrane lines joint cavities; found in synovial joints; produces synovial fluid; functions to lubricate joints ## Footnote Synovial fluid is crucial for reducing friction in joint movement.
30
Which bones comprise the thoracic cage?
The thoracic cage comprises: * Sternum * Ribs * Thoracic vertebrae ## Footnote The thoracic cage protects vital organs like the heart and lungs.
31
What are some key functions of the thoracic cage?
Functions include: * Protection of thoracic organs * Support for shoulder girdle * Attachment for muscles ## Footnote The thoracic cage also plays a role in respiration.
32
What is the clinical significance of the sternal angle?
The sternal angle is a landmark for rib counting and assessing mediastinal structures ## Footnote It is located at the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum.
33
How many ribs do males & females have?
Both males and females have 24 ribs ## Footnote This includes 12 pairs of ribs.
34
What are true ribs? Which are true?
True ribs are ribs 1-7; they attach directly to the sternum ## Footnote True ribs provide structural support to the thoracic cage.
35
What are false ribs? Which are false?
False ribs are ribs 8-12; they do not attach directly to the sternum ## Footnote Ribs 8-10 are connected to the sternum via cartilage.
36
What are floating ribs? Which are floating?
Floating ribs are ribs 11-12; they do not attach to the sternum or cartilage ## Footnote Floating ribs provide limited protection to the lower back.
37
What are some functional differences between the upper and lower limbs?
Functional differences include: * Upper limbs are adapted for manipulation * Lower limbs are adapted for weight-bearing and locomotion ## Footnote These adaptations reflect the different roles of the limbs.
38
What are some structural similarities between the upper and lower limbs?
Structural similarities include: * Both have a similar arrangement of bones * Both have proximal and distal segments ## Footnote Despite functional differences, both limbs share a common anatomical plan.
39
What are some structural differences between the upper and lower limbs?
Structural differences include: * Upper limbs have a greater range of motion * Lower limbs have thicker bones for support ## Footnote These differences are essential for each limb's specific functions.
40
What is the function of the pectoral girdle? What bones comprise the pectoral girdle?
Function: Connects upper limbs to the trunk; Comprises: * Clavicle * Scapula ## Footnote The pectoral girdle allows for a wide range of arm movements.
41
What is the common name for the clavicle? What is the basic shape of the clavicle?
Common name: Collarbone; Basic shape: S-shaped ## Footnote The clavicle acts as a strut to support the shoulder.
42
What are the two ends of the clavicle? Which end is flat?
The two ends are: * Sternal end (flat) * Acromial end ## Footnote The sternal end articulates with the sternum.
43
The spine of the scapula is on the __________ side and can be easily palpated.
posterior ## Footnote The scapula's spine is a prominent feature on the back.
44
The spine is continuous with a process called the __________. This forms the point of the shoulder.
acromion ## Footnote The acromion articulates with the clavicle.
45
A smaller, more anterior process called the __________ is a point of muscle attachment.
coracoid process ## Footnote The coracoid process serves as an attachment for several muscles.
46
Where does the head of the humerus articulate?
It articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula ## Footnote This joint allows for a wide range of shoulder movement.
47
What are the three sides and the three corners of the scapula called?
Sides: * Superior border * Medial border * Lateral border; Corners: * Superior angle * Inferior angle * Lateral angle ## Footnote These anatomical landmarks help in identifying the scapula.
48
What is the name of the depression on the anterior side of the scapula?
Subscapular fossa ## Footnote This fossa is where the subscapularis muscle attaches.
49
What is the name of the depression located superior to the spine? Inferior to the spine?
Superior: Supraspinous fossa; Inferior: Infraspinous fossa ## Footnote These depressions are important for muscle attachment on the scapula.
50
Describe and label the following parts of the Humerus: Head, Greater Tubercle, Lesser Tubercle.
Head: Rounded proximal end; Greater Tubercle: Lateral prominence; Lesser Tubercle: Anterior prominence ## Footnote These features are crucial for muscle attachment and joint articulation.
51
In anatomical position, the forearm is supinated and the bones are roughly parallel. What happens when the forearm is pronated?
The radius crosses over the ulna ## Footnote This motion is essential for certain movements like turning the hand.
52
What is the anatomical name for the thumb? How many phalanges are present in the thumb?
Anatomical name: Pollex; Number of phalanges: 2 ## Footnote The thumb has a unique structure that allows for opposition.
53
How many phalanges are present in digits II – V? How are they named?
Each has 3 phalanges; Named: Proximal, Middle, Distal ## Footnote This naming convention is consistent across the fingers.

BMSP 2135: Anatomy and Physiology 1 (15 decks)

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