STUDY GUIDE K - UNIT 3

Question 1

What is an articulation?

Answer 1

A point where two bones meet.

Question 2

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

Answer 2

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

Question 3

What are the three functional classifications based on movement?

Answer 3

Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), diarthrosis (freely movable).

Question 4

What is the relationship between mobility and stability in a joint?

Answer 4

Higher mobility means lower stability and vice versa.

Question 5

What connects bones in fibrous joints?

Answer 5

Dense fibrous connective tissue.

Question 6

What is a gomphosis?

Answer 6

Peg-in-socket fibrous joint (e.g., teeth in sockets).

Question 7

What is a suture and its movement?

Answer 7

Immovable fibrous joint between skull bones.

Question 8

What is a synostosis?

Answer 8

A fused bone joint formed from ossified sutures.

Question 9

What is a syndesmosis and interosseous membrane? Movement?

Answer 9

Bones connected by ligaments or membranes; allows slight movement (amphiarthrosis).

Question 10

What connects bones in cartilaginous joints?

Answer 10

Cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage).

Question 11

What is a synchondrosis? Examples?

Answer 11

Bones joined by hyaline cartilage (e.g., epiphyseal plate).

Question 12

What is a symphysis? Examples?

Answer 12

Bones joined by fibrocartilage (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs).

Question 13

How are all synovial joints classified based on movement?

Answer 13

All are diarthroses (freely movable).

Question 14

What separates bones in synovial joints?

Answer 14

Synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid.

Question 15

What is an articular capsule and its two layers?

Answer 15

Fibrous layer (outer, strength) + synovial membrane (inner, secretes fluid).

Question 16

What is articular cartilage?

Answer 16

Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends; lacks blood vessels; nutrients diffuse from synovial fluid.

Question 17

Functions of synovial fluid?

Answer 17

Lubricates, nourishes cartilage, absorbs shock.

Question 18

What do ligaments connect and their role?

Answer 18

Connect bone to bone; stabilize joints.

Question 19

Role of nerves and blood vessels in joints?

Answer 19

Provide sensation and nutrients.

Question 20

What do tendons connect and their role?

Answer 20

Connect muscle to bone; stabilize joints during movement.

Question 21

What is a bursa? Function?

Answer 21

Fluid-filled sac reducing friction near joints.

Question 22

What is a tendon sheath? Where common?

Answer 22

Bursa-like sac surrounding tendons; common in wrists and ankles.

Question 23

What are fat pads? Function?

Answer 23

Protect and fill spaces around joints.

Question 24

Name six types of synovial joints with examples and movement.

Answer 24

Plane (gliding, wrist, uniaxial); Hinge (flexion/extension, elbow, uniaxial); Pivot (rotation, atlas/axis, uniaxial); Condylar (biaxial, knuckles); Saddle (biaxial, thumb); Ball-and-socket (multiaxial, shoulder/hip).

Question 25

What is gliding motion? Example?

Answer 25

Flat surfaces slide past each other (carpal bones).

Question 26

Define angular motions (flexion, extension, hyperextension).

Answer 26

Flexion - decrease angle; extension - increase angle; hyperextension - extension beyond anatomical position.

Question 27

Abduction vs. Adduction?

Answer 27

Abduction - movement away from midline; adduction - toward midline.

Question 28

What is lateral flexion?

Answer 28

Side bending of the trunk or neck.

Question 29

What is circumduction?

Answer 29

Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction.

Question 30

Define rotation and types.

Answer 30

Movement around an axis: lateral (external) and medial (internal) rotation.

Question 31

Define pronation and supination.

Answer 31

Pronation - palm down; supination - palm up.

Question 32

Special movements (depression, elevation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, opposition, reposition).

Answer 32

Depression: downward movement; Elevation: upward movement; Dorsiflexion: foot up; Plantar flexion: foot down; Inversion: sole toward midline; Eversion: sole away from midline; Protraction: forward movement; Retraction: backward movement; Opposition: thumb to fingers; Reposition: return from opposition.

Question 33

What is a lever? Components?

Answer 33

Rigid bar (bone), fulcrum (joint), effort (muscle), load (resistance).

Question 34

What are axial and appendicular muscles?

Answer 34

Axial - head, neck, trunk; Appendicular - limbs.

Question 35

What is a tendon? What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 35

Tendon - cord of dense connective tissue connecting muscle to bone; aponeurosis - broad, flat tendon.

Question 36

How are muscle attachments named?

Answer 36

Origin (fixed) and insertion (moveable); previously proximal/distal or origin/insertion.

Question 37

Muscle shapes based on fascicle arrangement?

Answer 37

Parallel, convergent, pennate, circular (sphincter).

Question 38

Another term for circular muscle and function?

Answer 38

Sphincter; controls opening/closing.

Question 39

Muscle shape with endurance? Versatility? Most common?

Answer 39

Parallel - endurance; convergent - versatile; parallel - most common.

Question 40

What is an agonist? Another term?

Answer 40

Prime mover; muscle causing main action.

Question 41

What is an antagonist?

Answer 41

Muscle opposing the agonist; important for controlled movement.

Question 42

What is a synergist? A fixator?

Answer 42

Synergist - assists agonist; fixator - stabilizes origin.

Question 43

Where do facial muscles attach?

Answer 43

To the skin.

Question 44

What happens when facial muscles contract?

Answer 44

Cause facial expressions by moving skin.

Question 45

What nerve innervates most facial muscles?

Answer 45

Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII).

Question 46

Name key facial muscles and actions (Epicranius, Frontalis, Occipitalis, Nasalis, Buccinator, etc.)

Answer 46

Epicranius: raises eyebrows; Frontalis: raises forehead; Occipitalis: moves scalp backward; Nasalis: flares nostrils; Buccinator: compresses cheek; Depressor anguli oris: frown; Depressor labii inferioris: lowers bottom lip; Levator labii superioris: raises upper lip; Mentalis: protrudes lower lip; Orbicularis oris: puckers lips; Risorius: pulls lips laterally; Zygomaticus major/minor: smile; Orbicularis oculi: closes eyelids; Platysma: tenses neck skin, lowers jaw.