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BMSP 2135: Anatomy and Physiology 1 > STUDY GUIDE P - UNIT 4 > Flashcards

STUDY GUIDE P - UNIT 4 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Three General Functions of Neurons:

A
  1. Sensory Input – detect stimuli and send information to the CNS.
  2. Integration – process and interpret sensory input.
  3. Motor Output – send signals to effectors (muscles/glands).
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2
Q

What are the three general functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output.

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3
Q

What are the two structural divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS (brain & spinal cord), PNS (nerves & ganglia).

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4
Q

What are the two functional divisions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent).

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5
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the sensory division?

A

Somatic (conscious input) and Visceral (unconscious input).

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6
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the motor division?

A

Somatic (voluntary control) and Autonomic (involuntary control).

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7
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight), Parasympathetic (rest and digest).

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8
Q

A nerve is a bundle of what?

A

Axons.

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9
Q

What are the three connective tissue layers in a nerve?

A

Endoneurium (around axons), Perineurium (around fascicles), Epineurium (around nerve).

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10
Q

Do nerves have blood vessels?

A

Yes, for nourishment and waste removal.

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11
Q

What are the two structural classifications of nerves?

A

Cranial nerves (from brain) and spinal nerves (from spinal cord).

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12
Q

What are the three functional classifications of nerves?

A

Sensory, motor, and mixed (most common).

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13
Q

A ganglion is a cluster of what?

A

Neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

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14
Q

What two cell types compose nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and glial cells.

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15
Q

What are some general characteristics of neurons?

A

Excitable, conductive, secretory, long-lived, amitotic.

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16
Q

What are the three main parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body (soma), dendrites, axon.

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17
Q

Another term for the soma? What’s its function?

A

Cell body; contains nucleus and organelles, integrates signals.

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18
Q

What are dendrites and their function?

A

Short extensions; receive input and transmit toward soma.

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19
Q

How many axons do neurons typically have?

A

One.

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20
Q

What is the axon’s cytoplasm and membrane called?

A

Axoplasm and axolemma.

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21
Q

What are the axon’s branches called?

A

Axon collaterals and telodendria (end branches).

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22
Q

What’s at the end of axons and what do they contain?

A

Synaptic knobs; contain neurotransmitters.

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23
Q

What is the function of axons?

A

Conduct nerve signals to effectors or other neurons.

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24
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A functional junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cell.

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25
Why must axons rely on the soma?
Axons lack ribosomes for protein synthesis.
26
Describe anterograde vs retrograde transport.
1. Anterograde: Soma → axon terminal 2. Retrograde: Axon terminal → soma
27
Which uses microtubules and proteins?
Fast transport
28
Which uses axoplasmic flow?
Slow transport.
29
What are the four structural classifications of neurons?
- Multipolar: Many dendrites, one axon (most common) - Bipolar: One dendrite, one axon (special senses) - Unipolar: One process splits into two (sensory neurons) - Anaxonic: Only dendrites, no axon
30
Which has peripheral and central processes?
Unipolar neurons.
31
What are the three functional classifications of neurons?
1. Sensory (afferent): Conduct signals to CNS 2. Motor (efferent): Conduct signals from CNS 3. Interneurons: Integrate info in CNS (most common)
32
Two types of synapses?
1. Chemical (most common): Use neurotransmitters 2. Electrical: Use gap junctions for direct current flow
33
Define presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron.
Presynaptic: Sends signal Postsynaptic: Receives signal
34
Where can a synapse be located on a postsynaptic neuron?
Dendrite, soma, or axon.
35
What is the synaptic cleft?
Narrow gap between neurons.
36
What is released into the cleft and where does it bind?
Neurotransmitters; bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane.
37
What is synaptic delay?
Time for neurotransmitter release, diffusion, and binding.
38
What connects cells in electrical synapse? Benefit?
Gap junctions; rapid signal transmission.
39
Another name for glial cells?
Neuroglia
40
General function?
Support, protect, nourish neurons.
41
Do they generate action potentials?
No.
42
Can glial cells undergo mitosis?
Yes.
43
Are they more or less abundant than neurons?
More abundant and smaller.
44
Are brain tumors more likely from glia or neurons? Why?
Glial cells; they divide.
45
4 glial cells in CNS and functions?
1. Astrocytes: BBB, regulate environment 2. Ependymal cells: Line ventricles, produce CSF 3. Microglia: Phagocytes 4. Oligodendrocytes: Myelinate CNS axons
46
2 Glial cells in PNS?
1.Satellite cells: Surround ganglia, regulate environment 2. Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells): Myelinate PNS axons
47
What is myelination?
Insulation of axons with myelin to speed conduction
48
Myelin is made of many layers of what?
Glial cell plasma membrane
49
What color is myelin and why?
White; high lipid content
50
How much of an axon does one Schwann cell myelinate?
One segment; many needed per axon
51
What are the gaps between myelin segments called?
Nodes of Ranvier
52
What is the neurilemma?
Outer layer of Schwann cell with cytoplasm/nucleus
53
Describe PNS myelination process.
Schwann cell wraps repeatedly around axon (jelly roll analogy)
54
Describe CNS myelination process.
Oligodendrocyte extends processes to multiple axons (pancake analogy)
55
Is there a neurilemma in CNS?
No; oligodendrocyte nucleus is away from axon
56
What glial cell myelinates in CNS? PNS?
CNS: Oligodendrocyte; PNS: Neurolemmocyte
57
Benefit of myelination?
Faster signal conduction (saltatory conduction)
58
What do Schwann cells do for unmyelinated axons?
Protect them by partially surrounding multiple axons
59
What is needed for axon regeneration?
Intact soma and neurilemma
60
Can axons in the CNS regenerate?
No; CNS lacks neurilemma and has inhibitory environment
61
What happens to the distal axon after injury?
Degenerates (Wallerian degeneration)
62
Describe the regeneration process.
1. Distal part degenerates 2. Schwann cells proliferate and form regeneration tube 3. Axon sprouts grow through tube 4. Axon reinnervates target

BMSP 2135: Anatomy and Physiology 1 (15 decks)

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