STUDY GUIDE I - UNIT 2

Question 1

What forms nails and where are they located?

Answer 1

Nails are formed from densely packed, hard keratinized epidermal cells and are located on the distal dorsal surfaces of the fingers and toes.

Question 2

What is the nail plate composed of?

Answer 2

The nail plate consists of the free edge, nail body, and nail root.

Question 3

What is the free edge of the nail?

Answer 3

The distal white part that extends beyond the fingertip.

Question 4

What are the main structures derived from the epidermis?

Answer 4

Nails, hair, and exocrine glands.

Question 5

What are the functions of hair?

Answer 5

Protection, heat retention, sensory reception, and visual identification.

Question 6

What are the two types of sweat glands and their functions?

Answer 6

1. Merocrine glands: Thermoregulation by secreting watery sweat onto the skin.
2. Apocrine glands: Secrete thicker, odor-producing sweat into hair follicles in specific areas.

Question 7

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

Answer 7

Secrete sebum to lubricate skin and hair and provide antibacterial properties.

Question 8

How does the skin respond to repeated mechanical stress?

Answer 8

Forms calluses through increased mitosis and keratin production.

Question 9

How are burns classified?

Answer 9

1. 1st degree: Epidermis only
2. 2nd degree: Epidermis + dermis
3. 3rd degree: Full-thickness burn into subcutaneous tissue

Question 10

What are the primary organs of the skeletal system?

Answer 10

Bones.

Question 11

What are the two types of bone connective tissue?

Answer 11

Compact bone and spongy bone.

Question 12

What do ligaments and tendons connect?

Answer 12

Ligaments: bone to bone; Tendons: muscle to bone.

Question 13

What are the four shapes of bones?

Answer 13

Long, short, flat, and irregular.

Question 14

What is the basic unit of compact bone?

Answer 14

Osteon.

Question 15

What are the two types of bone marrow and their functions?

Answer 15

1. Red marrow: Produces blood cells
2. Yellow marrow: Stores fat

Question 16

What are the main components of bone matrix?

Answer 16

1. Organic: Collagen and proteins (flexibility)
2. Inorganic: Hydroxyapatite crystals (strength)

Question 17

What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Answer 17

1. Osteoblasts: Build bone
2. Osteoclasts: Break down bone

Question 18

What happens when bone loses organic or inorganic components?

Answer 18

1. Organic loss: Bones become brittle
2. Inorganic loss: Bones become soft

Question 19

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia?

Answer 19

Talus.

Question 20

Which bone forms the heel?

Answer 20

Calcaneus.

Question 21

What is the term for the big toe?

Answer 21

Hallux.

Question 22

What is the function of the foot arches?

Answer 22

Distribute body weight and absorb shock.