Study Guide Unit 3

Question 1

Function of the valves

Answer 1

Valves prevent back flow of blood. They allow blood to move one way through the heart and body.

Question 2

Know how systemic circuit differs from pulmonary circuit.

Answer 2

a. Systemic circuit- much longer, higher workload, larger blood volume, higher pressure.
b. Systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood, veins deoxygenated.
c. Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood and vein carry oxygenated blood.

Question 3

Coronary circuit

Answer 3

a. Coronary circulation supplies the heart wall.
b. Coronary arteries bring oxygenated blood to myocardium.
c. 2 coronary arteries.
d. Coronary veins collect deoxygenated blood and drain it into the coronary sinus.

Question 4

Fetal circulation. What is the difference between fetal circulation and circulation after birth?

Answer 4

a. During fetal development the lungs do not function so there is more pressure on the right side of heart. After birth when lung’s function pressure increases on the left side of heart and actually causes more pressure to be on the left side of heart then on the right side of heart.

Question 5

5 phases of cardiac cycle

Answer 5

atrial systole, early ventricular systole, late ventricular systole, early ventricular diastole, late ventricular diastole

Question 6

Atrial systole:

Answer 6

atria contracted, and ventricles relaxed, moves remaining blood from atria to ventricles, AV valves open, semilunar valves closed.

Question 7

Early ventricular systole

Answer 7

beginning of ventricular contraction, ventricular pressure increased more than atrial pressure, AV valves closed-first heart sound is heard, semilunar valves are still closed ventricles should generate more pressure to open them

Question 8

Late ventricular diastole

Answer 8

atria relaxed, and ventricles contracted, ventricular pressure increases, semilunar valves open, blood ejection termed ventricular ejection

Question 9

Early ventricular diastole

Answer 9

atria relaxed, and ventricles relaxed, ventricular pressure decreases, blood flowing backward slightly (caught in semilunar valves, which close-second heard sound is heard-S2), prevents backflow into ventricles

Question 10

Late ventricular diastole

Answer 10

atria relaxed, and ventricles relaxed, ventricular pressure decreased, atrial pressure increased, semilunar valves remain closed, most ventricular filling occurs (70% of EDV)

Question 11

Cardiac output: definition, CO (CO=SV x HR). factors that affect it (heart rate, SV)

Answer 11

Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected per set amount of time (usually a minute) This is affected by the stroke volume (average is usually 70 CC) and Heart Rate.

Question 12

Positive chronotropic agent

Answer 12

(increase cardiac output): sympathetic stimulation-norepinephrine, thyroid hormone, nicotine, and cocaine.

Question 13

Negative chronotropic agents

Answer 13

(decrease cardiac output): parasympathetic innervation- acetylcholine, beta-blocker.

Question 14

Know main factors that affect SV

Answer 14

preload, afterload, contractility

Question 15

Stroke volume

Answer 15

amount of blood ejected in one beat.

Question 16

Preload

Answer 16

filling time (lower filling time lower EDV, higher filling time higher EDV), venous return (blood volume, H2O, and position).

Question 17

Contractility

Answer 17

Increased contractility increased stroke volume, decreased contractility decreases stroke volume

Question 18

Afterload

Answer 18

increases afterload decreases stroke volume, decrease afterload increases stroke volume

Question 19

Plasma components

Answer 19

92% water. 8% dissolved molecules and ions

Question 20

Main plasma protein

Answer 20

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrogens

Question 21

Albumins

Answer 21

Maintain osmotic pressure

Question 22

Globulins

Answer 22

(alpha and beta transport) (gamma antibodies produced by lymphocytes).

Question 23

Fibrogen

Answer 23

Blood clot formation or coagulation

Question 24

RBC recycling

Answer 24

The iron is removed and transported to the liver and red bone marrow by plasma protein transferrin and used to created new RBC.

Question 25

EPO function

Answer 25

Kidney stimulation increases EPO which increases RBC which increases blood flow which goes to the kidney which stimulates a decrease in EPO which decreases RBC thus decreasing blood flow to the kidney.

Question 26

Know anatomy of the heart and blood flow

Answer 26

Right atrium – Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) – Right ventricle – Pulmonary Semilunar valve – pulmonary trunk – Right/Left pulmonary artery – pulmonary capillaries (O2 enters, CO2 leaves) – pulmonary veins (4) (2 right, 2 left) – Left atrium – Left atrioventricular valve (mitrael, bicuspid) – aortic semilunar valve – aorta – systemic capillaries (O2 leaves, CO2 enters) – veins – superior and inferior vena cava – Right atrium.

Question 27

Filtration capillary exchange

Answer 27

Occurs on arterial end of capillary

Question 28

Reabsorption capillary exchange

Answer 28

Movement of fluid back into blood (on the venous end)

Question 29

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 29

pushes fluid out of the capillary

Question 30

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 30

proteins pull water into capillaries

Question 31

Edema

Answer 31

Is swelling it is an increase in interstitial fluid

Question 32

Conducting system of the heart: know components, describe electrical events, ECG waves, and cardiac cycle.

Answer 32

P wave QRS T wave PR interval

Question 33

P wave

Answer 33

Atrial depolarization

Question 34

QRS

Answer 34

Ventricular depolarization

Question 35

T wave

Answer 35

Ventricular repolarization

Question 36

PR interval

Answer 36

Aerial depolarization + delay in AV junction

Question 37

Arterial BP

Answer 37

pressure exerted on blood vessel walls by blood.

Question 38

BP

Answer 38

CO x PVR

Question 39

PVR

Answer 39

is affected by vessel diameter, length, and viscosity

Question 40

CO

Answer 40

is affected by vessel diameter, length, and viscosity

Question 41

stroke volume and Heart rate.

Answer 41

These are affected by preload, contractility, and afterload.

Question 42

Short term control through baroreceptor reflex (explain how)

Answer 42

Question 43

Long term control through endocrine system (explain how, know in details renin angiotensin aldosterone system)

Answer 43

Question 44

Three main factors that alter PVR: blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter. Which one is the most significant?

Answer 44

Blood vessel diameter is the most significant in the main factors that alter PVR.

Question 45

Control of arterial blood pressure: short term and long term

Answer 45

Arterial blood pressure is controlled both in the short term (baroreceptor reflex) and in the long term (endocrine system)

Question 46

Arteries

Answer 46

carry blood away from the heart

Question 47

Veins

Answer 47

carry blood to the heart

Question 48

Capillaries

Answer 48

gas exchanges (Pulmonary capillaries- O2 enters CO2 leaves; Systemic capillaries- O2 leaves CO2 enters)

Question 49

Systolic pressure

Answer 49

the highest pressure experienced by arteries.

Question 50

Diastolic pressure

Answer 50

baseline pressure in arteries

Question 51

Pulse pressure

Answer 51

the range of pressure experienced by arteries each heartbeat

Question 52

Mean arterial pressure

Answer 52

the average pressure in the arteries over time/perfusion pressure N-70-110 mmHg.

Question 53

Vascular phase

Answer 53

blood vessel constricts, limits blood able to leak from vessel, lasts from few to many minutes.

Question 54

Platelet plug formation

Answer 54

platelets swell and assume irregular form when in contact with collagen fibers. Become sticky so they can adhere to collagen in tissue. Activated platelets aggregate at the injury site forming the platelet plug.

Question 55

Coagulation cascade

Answer 55

converts inactive proteins to active form and forms a blood clot. Complex interplay of reactions resulting in the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin strands. Clot is composed of meshwork of fibrin fibers entrapping blood cells.

Question 56

Coagulation requires

Answer 56

calcium, clotting factors, platelets, and vitamin K.

Question 57

Coagulation; the sympathetic response to blood loss

Answer 57

Homeostasis disturbed falling blood pressure – baroreceptors inhibited – vasomotor centers stimulated, cardioaccelerator centers stimulated, cardioinhibitory centers inhibited – vasoconstriction occurs/increased CO ( increased HR and SV) – Homeostasis restored blood pressure rises – normal range of blood pressure.