Unit 4 Study Guide

Question 1

Name organs of respiratory tract.

Answer 1

Nasal cavity (nasal conche), sinus cavities, Pharynx, Nasopharynx, Larynx, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, vocal ligaments/folds, traches, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

Question 2

Trace the path that a molecule of carbon dioxide would follow as it traveled from the cell (that’s where it is produced) to the external atmosphere.

Answer 2

Organ –> capillaries –> vein –> vena cava –> right atrium –> mitral valve (tricuspid/right av) –> right ventricle –> pulmonic semilunar valve –> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> alveoli –> oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves –> bronchiole –> bronchi –> trachea –> larynx –> pharynx –> nasal cavity/oral cavity.

Question 3

Explain how respiration rate is controlled.

Answer 3

Homeostasis disturbed (increased arterial PCO2 (hypercapnia)) -> stimulation of arterial chemoreceptors (increased PCO2, decreased pH in CSF) -> Stimulation CSF chemoreceptors at medullar oblongata -> Action potential propagation triggered along phrenic nerve -> Contraction of diaphragm -> Increased respiration rate -> Increased elimination of CO2 alveoli -> Normal arterial CO2 -> Homeostasis restored.

Question 4

The respiratory membrane consists of________. What is surfactant and its function?

Answer 4

Fluid and surfactant

a. Surfactant is a lipoprotein.
b. Surfactant reduces surface tension of fluid coating or epithelium.

Question 5

What structure prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing?

Answer 5

The epiglottis prevents from entering the airway during swallowing.

Question 6

Explain how lungs are protected from pathogens in the air.

Answer 6

Mucus protects the lungs from most inhaled foreign particles (pathogens in the air).

Question 7

Explain how air moves into the lungs.

Answer 7

Air enters the nasal cavity, travels to the nasopharynx, continues to the oropharynx, then the laryngopharynx, into the larynx, there it travels to the trachea, and then primary bronchi, which go into the lungs, and branch until reaching the alveoli.

Question 8

Microorganisms that are removed by mucus are destroyed by the

Answer 8

Stomach

Question 9

When the diaphragm contracts, the pressure in the lungs will

Answer 9

decrease

Question 10

The percentage of oxygen dissolved in plasma is _____ the percentage of oxygen transported as oxyhemoglobin

Answer 10

less than

Question 11

As plasma pH decreases, hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen

Answer 11

decrease

Question 12

As plasma pH decreases, hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen

Answer 12

decrease

Question 13

Which of the following would have the highest pressure of O2 (concentration of oxygen)?

Answer 13

Blood in a pulmonary vein

Question 14

An increase in sympathetic nervous system activity will cause the diameter of bronchiole to

Answer 14

increase

Question 15

Cells of the gastric mucosa and their functions.

Answer 15

a. Parietal cells = hydrochloric acid (HCL)
b. Globet cells (mucous) = gastric surfactant
c. Chief cells = pepsinogen

Question 16

Role of hydrochloric acid in digestion and regulation of HCl acid production.

Answer 16

a. Denaturization of protein
b. Protection against bacteria
c. Activates pepsinogen.

Question 17

Digestive system organs

Answer 17

Oral cavity, Teeth, Tongue
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

Accessory organs
Salivary glands
Livermgallbladder
Pancreas

Question 18

Oral Cavity, Teeth, Tongue

Answer 18

Mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions.

Question 19

Pharynx

Answer 19

Muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus

Question 20

Esophagus

Answer 20

Transport of materials to the stomach

Question 21

Stomach

Answer 21

• Chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions

Question 22

Small Intestine

Answer 22

Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions

Question 23

Large Intestine

Answer 23

Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions

Question 24

Salivary glands

Answer 24

Secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates

Question 25

Liver

Answer 25

Secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital functions

Question 26

Gallbladder

Answer 26

storage and concentration of bile

Question 27

Pancreas

Answer 27

Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones

Question 28

Functions of the pancreas

Answer 28

a. Endocrine and exocrine functions
b. Produces and releases pancreatic juice.
c. Responds to secretin and CCK

Question 29

Liver structure and functions. Role of bile in lipid digestion. Blood flow through the liver.

Answer 29

a. Hexagonal lobules
b. Produce, collect, and drain bile
c. Receives oxygenated blood through common hepatic arterion
d. Receives all digestive blood (hepatic portal blood)
e. Controls blood glucose

Question 30

Liver functions

Answer 30

Question 31

Organs of urinary system.

Answer 31

a. Kidney
b. Ureter
c. Urinary bladder
d. Urethra

Question 32

List all functions of the kidneys.

Answer 32

a. Eliminate waste products of metabolism
b. Regulate water and electrolyte balance
c. Long term blood pressure regulation
d. Acid-base balance
e. Erythrocyte regulation – secretion of erythropoietin
f. Calcium balance

Question 33

Normal and abnormal components of urine.

Answer 33

a. Urea, water, sodium
b. Abnormal glucose and protein and blood

Question 34

Explain how glomerular filtration rate is regulated.

Answer 34

a. Autoregulation: decreased GFR – dilation of afferent arterioles/contraction of mesangial cells/constriction of efferent arterioles – increased glomerular blood pressure
b. Renin-angiotensin system: endocrine method releases renin from juxtaglomerular cells- triggers angiotensin I and II
c. Release of natriuretic hormones increases

Question 35

Renin production increases when blood flow to the kidney

Answer 35

decrease

Question 36

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, amount of urine

Answer 36

increase

Question 37

With increased production of aldosterone loss of potassium with urine

Answer 37

increase

Question 38

Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole of the renal corpuscle ________________ (increases, decreases, stay the same) glomerular filtration rate.

Answer 38

decreases

Question 39

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System.

Answer 39

Question 40

Review long term blood pressure regulation by the kidney. Don’t forget ADH!
Answer following questions:

Answer 40

Question 41

Nephron: structure and function. Process of urine formation. Filtration and reabsorption. Glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures:

Answer 41

a. Composed of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule
b. Glomerular filtration – tubular reabsorption – tubular secretion
c. Filtration- movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space: reabsorption- the movement form the tubular fluid back into the blood.
d. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure: Blood colloid osmotic pressure: Capsular hydrostatic pressure