STUDY HELPERS Cattle Flashcards
1
Q
How do you treat Ketosis?
A
Restore Blood Glu levels (400mL 40% glu IV; oral glycerine)
Gluocorticoid hormone
VitB12/cobalt
Multivitamin inj
2
Q
What impact does ketosis have on the animal?
A
Decreases milk production Decreases milk quality Increases DZ Immunosuppression Decreases fertility
3
Q
How do you treat twin lamb DZ?
A
160mL oral electrolytes and Glu
100mL 40% Gluc IV
Parturition (dexamethasone)
TLC
4
Q
How do you treat hypoCa?
A
400mL 40% CaBoro IV
Mg and Ph SubQ
Remove calf
TLC
5
Q
What are the predisposing factors of hypoCa?
A
Age Oestrus Breed Acid-Base Balance*** HypoMg Ca intake during dry period*** DMI
6
Q
What are the classic signs of hypoCa?
A
Paddling and sudden death due to respiratory muscle paralysis
7
Q
What are the long-term prevention of hypoCa?
A
Ca restirction during Dry Period
DCAB: anion salts OR decrease K forage and MgCl in water
8
Q
How do you treat Lambing Sickness?
A
20-40 mLs 40% CaBoro IV
50-100mLs 40% CaBoro SQ
Avoid stress
9
Q
How do you treat Grass Staggers?
A
THIS IS AN EMERGENCY
400mLs 40% CaBoro and 5% MgHypophosphite IV
400mLs 25% MgSulphate SQ
Control seizures
10
Q
What factors affect Mg availability?
A
Soil levels Pasture species DMI K Na pH Ammonia Dietary energy Fats Dietary fibre Genetics Stress
11
Q
How do you treat Ovine HypoMg?
A
20mLs 20% CaBoro and Mg IV
50mLs 25% MgSulphate SQ
12
Q
Describe the pathogenesis of compartment syndrome?
A
Sternal recumbency > compression of soft tissue
> contraction of muscles > muscle damage > raised AST and CK
> venous constriction > congestion > oedema and necrosis
13
Q
What factors impact rumen flora?
A
Excess CHO Protein:Energy imbalance Poor silage/hay Lack of long fibers Sudden feed change Cow comfort
14
Q
What is the ideal pH of rumen?
A
6.5-7
15
Q
What ratio of concentrates to forage results in ruminal acidosis?
A
60:40
16
Q
What are the risk factors for SARA?
A
cow comfort
inadequate long fibers
excess concentrate
poor management (feeding strategy, variable DMI, no transition diet)
17
Q
At what ruminal pH is it considered SARA?
A
<= 5.5
18
Q
What factors impact Cu absorption?
A
S, Fe, GI parasites, genetics, molybdenum
19
Q
What is the transportation protein for Cu?
A
Caeruloplasmin
20
Q
How do you treat Cu Deficiency?
A
Oral compounds: Cu Sulphate or Cu Oxide needles
Injectables: Methionate, Glycinate, EDTA, Heptonate, Hydroxyquinolone sulphonate
Free access mineral
Medicated water
21
Q
What is cobalt required for in the body?
A
vitB12 > proprionate production and carbon chain binding
22
Q
How do you treat cobalt deficiency?
A
Oral: drenching or boluse iwth CuSulphonate Inj: vitB12 Inclusion in feed Free access Water
23
Q
What is the role of Selenium/VitE in the body?
A
Antioxidents
24
Q
What are the clinical signs of Selenium deficiency?
A
Nutritional muscular deficinecy: stiff, dyspnoea, sudden death
RFM
25
How do you diagnose selenium deficiency?
WMD: CK and AST levels
Selenium in blood and liver
GSHPx
VitE in blood
26
How do you treat selenium deficiency?
```
Oral: sodium selenate
Inj: Barium selenate or sodium selenate
Inclusion in feed
Free access
Water
```
27
What are the causes of secondary iodine deficiency?
Goitrogens that disrupt Iodine metabolism: thiocyante (competitive inhibition) and tiouracil (T4>T3)
28
How do you treat Iodine deficiecny?
```
Oral: KI salts
Painting 5% tincture of I on flank
Inj: poppy seed oil
Inclusion in feed
Free access
Water
```
29
Why is S. Aureus mastitis difficult to treat?
Poor AB penetration due to fibrosis and abscess
B-lactamase
Persists within macrophages
30
When does E. coli infect cows and when does it develop into mastitis?
Infects in the dry cow period > dormant > clin mastitis in early lactation
31
How does mastitis impact milk constituents?
Decrease: protein, lactose, butterfat, Ca, Ph, stability/keeping quality, taste
Increase: RBC, WBC, Bacteria, Plasmin, Lipase, Na, Cl, pH, conductivity
32
How do you treat Grade 1 Mastitis? 2? 3?
1: intramammary AB (amoxiclav)
2: parentral AB (amoxiclav) and NSAID (flunixin)
3: parentral AB (amoxiclav), NSAID (flunixin), fluids (3L hypertonic + 40L isotonic rapidly > draw H2O into rumen), quarter strip and oxytocin
33
What is the 6 Point Plan to reduce mastitis on farms?
1. Regular milking machine maintenace
2. Post-milking teat disinfection
3. Dry Cow Therapy
4. Prompt treatment
5. Cull chronic cases
6. Miking order
34
How can you treat Pappilomatosis?
self-limiting
| But, if it impairs with milking you can rubber ring, ligature, snip off
35
How do you treat herpes mammilitis?
Symptomatic: antiseptic udder cream and iodine based teat dips
36
What is the agent in Pseudocowpox?
Parapox virus
37
What is the pathognomic sign of pseudocowpox?
Raised horsehoe lesions
38
What is the agent of udder Impetigo?
Staphy
39
Where do you mostly find Necrotic dermatitis on cows?
udder skin where lies tight against medial thight and occasionally ventral midline
40
How do you treat photosensitization?
Local/systemic NSAIDS and house out of direct sunlight
41
What is a secondary outcome of milking machine induced lesions?
Black spot: F. necrophorum
42
Describe the conservative method for treating teat lacerations.
Trim loose/devitalised skin off
Insert sterile teat cannula is cow not allowing milking
Astringent cream to aid healing
43
Describe the surgical method for treating teat lacerations.
Sedate, cast, ring block teat
Clean and debride
Fine absorbable suture on atraumatic needle for mucosa and submucosa
Skin: monofil nylon or staples
Teat cannula to avoid milking until completely healed
44
Describe treatment of a teat pea.
Desensitise teat lining (tourniquet around base of teat with 10mL procain or lignocaine)
Enlarge teat orifice with teat knife and squeeze out pea
Intramammary AB/corticosteroid
45
What agents cause summer mastitis?
T. pyogenes
P. indolicus
S. dysgalactiae
Transmitted by the HEAD FLY
46
How do you treat summer mastitis?
Parenteral AB (penicillin)
NSAID (fluniin)
Strip udder
>>>> doesn't matter will have permanent damage
47
What are the pathogens of BRD?
```
IBR
BRSV
PI3
BoCV
BVD
M. haemolytica
P. multocida
H. somni
M. bovis
```
48
How do you treat BRD?
NSAID (meloxicam)
Mucolytic (bromhexine)
Vax (IBR)
ABs
49
What vaccines are available for BRD?
Monovalent: IBR, BRSV, M. haemolytica
```
Multivalent:
BRSV. PI3, M. haem.
BRSV, PI3, BVD, M. haem.
M. haem, H. somni
PI3, IBR
PI3, BRSV
PI3, BRSV, BVD, IBR
```
50
How do you treat upper resp. tract dz? How do you prevent them in adult cattle?
AB (penicillin)
Lavage
Steroid (dexamethasone)
Avoid dehorning adult cattle - feed from ground
51
What is the agent in acute bacterial pneumonia?
M. haemolytica
| P. multocida
52
What is the agent of Fog Fever?
lush silage/hay
| over-gorging on aflalfa, rape, kale, turnip tops
53
What is the agent of Farmer's Lung?
allergic reaction to mouldy hay containing M. gaeni and T. vulgaris
54
What is the agent of lungworm?
Dictyocaulus viviparous
55
How do you treat lungworm?
Anthelmintic
Dexamethasone
ABs for secondary infection
56
Why do some animals deteriorate after lungworm treatment?
Epithelialisation of alveolar surface that hinders gas exchange
***need more corticosteroids
57
Where does salmonella live when infecting the body?
Persists in gall bladder/bile ducts >> live fluke damage makes infection worse
58
What is the agent of Winter Dysentery?
unknown - suspect coronavirus
59
How do you treat Winter Dysentery?
None/symptomatic (fluids, spasmolytics, slats)
| Self-limiting and results in herd immunity for ~5years
60
Which animals get Winter Dysentery?
Housed cattle
61
What is the agent of Johnes?
Mycoplasma avium paratuberculosis
62
What is the agent of Red Water?
Babesia bigemina, B. bovis
| Spread by ticks
63
How do you treat Red Water?
Imidocarb Diproprionate
64
What is the agent of enzootic haematuria?
Bracken toxicity
65
What is the common agent of pyelonephritis?
Actinomyces renale
66
How do you treat fly strike?
Remove maggots and clean wound
Injectable ivermectine TOPICALLY AROUND WOUND
Fly repellent AROUND WOUND
Systemic AB and NSAIDs
67
How do you treat biting lice? sucking lice?
Pyrethroid pour on (permethrin)
68
Describe the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis?
Ringworm infect keratin hair and skin > enzymes break down active growing hair > breaks
69
How do you treat dermatophytosis?
UV light
Self-limiting
Enilconazole topically (dilute with warm water and spray on)
70
What is the agent of chorioptic mange?
Chorioptes bovis
71
How do you treat chorioptic mange?
Ivermectin pour on
72
What is the agent of sarcoptic mange?
S. scabiei
73
How do you treat sarcoptic mange?
Ivermectin pour on or injectable
Permethin pour on
ABs for secondary infection
NO STEROIDS
74
What is the agent of New Forest Eye?
Moraxella bovis
75
How do you treat New Forest Eye?
Penicillin
| NSAIDs if painful
76
How do you treat Silage Eye?
3mL Penicillin + 1mL dexamethasone
77
What is the cause of VitA Deficiency?
Housed: straw, cereals, sugar beet pulp (low in VitA)
Pasture: after severe drought
78
What are the clinical signs of VitA Deficiency?
```
Blindness (optic nerve atrophy because bone grwoth into orbit)
Night blindeness (due to retinal degeneration)
Paillooedema (due to increased CSF pressure)
```
79
How do you treat VitA Deficiency?
Aqueous VitA injection
Supplementation in diet
Green feed (hay/silage/dried grass)
80
What are the two types of fetal mummification?
Papyraceous - all fetal fluids resorb
| Haematic - haemorrhage of placentomes > degeneration of blood > red/brown viscous material
81
What blood work can you test to confirm fetal mummification?
Preg-specific protein B (PSPB)
82
How do you treat fetal mummification?
PGF2a, mannual assistance, cull
| Dexamethasone will not work on dead fetus
83
What is the most important difference between fetal mummification and fetal maceration?
Maceration - CL regresses > opening of cervix
| Mummification - CL does NOT regress > cervix remains closed
84
How do you treat pyometra?
PGF2a with luteolysis > return to oestrus and evacuation of uterus
85
What is the aetiology of Rotten Calf and what are the resulting clinical signs?
Uterine infection > gas producing bacteria and calf death
| Dam is acutely ill with bacteraemia/toxaemia
86
How do you treat Rotten Calf?
Remove calf- mannually, fetotomy, C-sec
AB, NSAID, fluids
Cull
87
How do you treat a vaginal or cervical prolapse?
Mild: observe, may self-cure post-partum
Severe: salvage slaughter or Csec for calf
In between: replace and retain - epiderual, clean perineum and prolapse, drain urine, check repalcement correct and no damage, AB and NSAID, retain prolapse with Buhner and non-absorbable suture (REMOVE AT START OF PARTURITION)
88
How do you treat vaginal/uterine tears?
clamp the bleeding vessel and leave 2-3 days
AB
if severe: salvage slaught or leapartomy to attempt to repair
89
How do you prevetn vaginal/uterine tears?
Avoid fetal.maternal disproportion
| Overfat cows at calving
90
How do you treat metritis?
ABs - amoxicillin
NSAIDs- flunixin
Fluids - IV hyper than iso orally
Remove RFM
91
What are the different grades of metritis?
1: enlarged uterus, purulent discharge, no pyrexia/illness
2: systemic illness
3: toxaemic and hypothermic
92
How do you treat endometritis?
PGF2a
Wash-out
***ABs not helpful
93
What are the different grades of endometritis?
0: none
1: flecks of pus
2: more pus
3: 50% pus
94
How do you treat RFM?
Do not pull. Will cause trauma > endometritis
Systemic ABs
PGF2a
95
What is freemartinism and how does it come about?
Anastamosis in placenta when there are twins > share hormones and blood > masculinization of the female by the male twin
96
Describe the aetiology and pathogenesis of mycotic abortion.
Aspergillus, Absidia
| ingested/inhaled spores > bloodstream > germinate at the fetal/maternal junction > endometritis and placentitis
97
How do you treat CHO overload?
```
Antacids
Rumen stimulents
ABs (oxytet)
NSAIDs
Thiamine/VitB12
Fluids with Ca and Glu
```
98
How do you treat actinobacillosis?
Streptomycin
| Iodides - helps break down granulomatous lesions (BUT NOT IN PREGNANT ANIMALS)
99
How do you treat choke?
Remove the choke: buscopan and massage or push or leave
Tracheostomy if necessary
ABs
NSAIDs
100
What are the causes of an LDA?
Increased abdominal space and decreased gut motility due to: post partum, poor feed intake, excessive BCS loss, SARA, stress, concurrent disease, ketosis, hypoCa, sudden diet change
