STUDY HELPERS Sheep Flashcards by Callie Neilson

What is the most common crystal in urolithiasis and how is it formed and where does it end up?

Struvite
High concentrations of Ph and Mg > combines with protein in bladder > form calculi > gets stuck in sigmoid flexure or vermiform appendage

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What is the agent of Pink Eye?

Mycoplasma conjunctivae

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How do you treat Pink Eye?

Oxytet IM

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What is Bright Blindness?

Prolonged ingestion of bracken in hill sheep

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How do you treat entropion?

AB (penicillin) SubQ

Michel clips or surgery (strip skin)

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What is the lambing percentage?

The number of lambs born and survive to weaning per 100 ewes

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How do you treat watery mouth?

IV flunixin
oral dextrose/electrolyte
Enema
ABs

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What is the common agent of joint ill?

Strep. dysgalactiae

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What are the clinical signs of Meningitis?

isolation, failure to suck, episcleral congestion, weak, altered gat, hyperasthesia, opisthotonus

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What agents are the culprits behind lamb bacteraemias?

E. coli, P. haemolytica, P. multocida, T. pyogenes, Staph, Strep

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What agent causes liver abscess in lambs?

F. necrophorum

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How can you treat/prevent iodine deficiency in lambs?

Iodine oil injection in ewe before mating

KI oral when clinical case in lambs

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What are the agents of neonatal enteritis?

Rota/coronavirus, Crypto, Salmonella, Lamb dysentery, E. coli

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How do you treat neonatal enteritis?

Crypto: Fluids
Salmonella: Flunixin, fluids, AB
E. coli: fluids

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How do you diagnosis neonatal enteritis caused by salmonella?

faceal cultur or from liver, gallbladder, SI, or mesenteric LN at PM

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Describe the pathogeneisis of C. perfringens.

Normally in gut

Sudden change in diet > anaerboic abomasal and SI and high CHO > gut stasis > C. perfringens build up > toxin build up

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Describe the vaccination protocol for C. perfringens.

Initial 2-dose course 4-6 weeks apart when entering breeding flock. Booster 6 week pre-lambing

Lambs born to unvax ewes: first dose 8-12 weeks with booster 4 weeks later

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What areh the clinical signs of Blackleg?

Limbs: stiff, edema
Parturition: erosion of vulval mucosa with dark red and gassy necrosis
Blackquarter metritis: edematous uterus fetus dead
Head: bleeding from nose and swelling

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How do you diagnose Blackleg?

Positive flourescein antibody test from smears

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How do you treat Blackleg?

Clean and debride wounds
Penicillin
Steroids
Fluids

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Describe the pathogenesis of tetanus.

Cut (docking/shearing) > incuabtion period of 1-3 weeks > neurotoxin reaches brain via peripheral nerves > spinal cord > rigidity > death due to paralysis of respiratory muscles

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How do you treat tetanus?

Antitoxin, AB, NSAIDs

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Describe the pathogenesis of redgut.

Lush pasture > INCREASED gut transit time > fermentation in LI > gas > torsion > death

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What are the clinical signs of scald?

interdigital erythema
white necrotic material
NO underrun horn or smell

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What are the clinical signs of foot rot?

SMELL and underrun horn | looks like scald + purulent discharge

What are the clinical signs of CODD?

Severely lame | hair loss below fetlock joints

How do you treat scald? foot rot? CODD?

Scald: Oxytet spray Footbaths of 10% zinc and 0.3% formalin Dry ground 1 hr after foot bath ``` Foot rot: Oxytet parentral Meloxicam Footvax DO NOT PARE ``` CODD: Oxytet

What is flushing?

high protein and energy diet for ewe 3-weeks pre-tupping in order to increase ovulation/conception rates works best on marginal BCS ewes

What is the length of the oestrus cycle in ewes? (luteal phase and follicular phase)

Luteal: 13-14 days Follicular: 3-4 days Total: 16-18 days

When should you put the rams in when using Progesterone Sponges? When should take them out?

Put them in at 36hrs after removal of sponge and replace them every 48 hours

What protocol is used for AI of sheep? How does it change?

Progesterone Sponges but with added PMSG injection at sponge removal

How long before lambing should you insert melatonin implants?

30 WEEKS

Why do you wait two weeks from adding teasers to adding the rams when using the teaser effect to synchronise ewes?

When the teasers arrive the ewes with have an early regression of their CL (silent heat), which takes about 2-3 days. Some of those ewes will then enter normal cyclity with a fertile heat after another 16-18 days (18-20 days after teaser introduction). However, some of the ewes will have a second silent heat that takes 7 days to regress. So, they will not enter a fertile heat for 24-28 days after the teaser has been introduced. Adding the fertile rams at 14 days ~18 days earliest that will have fertile heat ewes.

What ratio ram:ewe for Progesterone sponges? Melatonin? Teaser Effect?

Sponges: 1:10 Melatonin: 1:40 Teaser: 1:25

How do you diagnose EAE?

ZN stain of cotelydons Inclusion bodies on placenta in histo paired serology 2-4 weeks apart

Describe the pathogenesis of EAE.

ingestion of inectious aborted material or new wet lambs > bacteria in GIT > multiply in placenta in late pregnancy

How do you treat toxoplasmosis outbreaks?

Not much to do in the face of an outbreak

What is the agent of campylobacteriosis abortion?

C. fetus fetus | C. jejuni

How do you diagnose Border Disease abortions?

Ewes: serology or viral PCR Lambs: pre-colostral blood smaples tested by PCR or on lamb tisseus

What is the agent of listeriosis abortions?

L. ivanovii | L. monocytogenes

How do you treat Sheep scab?

Moxidectin injection | Plunge dipping in permethrine

What are the clinical signs of Sheep scab?

Discoloured wool below neck Sheep rubbing against things Scabs and wool loss

What is the agent of Sheep scab?

Psorptes ovis

What is the agent of flystrike?

Blowfly

How do you treat flystrike?

``` Remove maggots Clean wounds Injectable ivermectin TOPICALLY Fly repellent ABs NSAID ```

Which type of mange is the burrowing mite?

Sarcoptic (Scabies)

What is the agent in caseous lymphadenitis?

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Describe the pathogeneisis of urolithiasis in sheep.

Intensive concentrate feeding > CaMg Ph and Mg-Ammonium Ph calculi > percipitation in urine > urethra blockage in verminiform appendage or sigmoid flexure

How can you treat urolithiasis in sheep?

Acidification of urine, pelvic urethrotomy

What is the agent of tick-borne fever?

Erlichia phagocytophilia

How do you treat tick-borne fever?

Permethrin | Oxytet

What is the agent of louping ill?

Diffuse, non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis flavivurs

What is the pathogenesis of listeriosis CNS clinical signs?

Encephalitis via buccal mucosa > trigeminal nerve ascent > brainstem infection > damaged cranial nerve nuclei > depression, circling, ipsilateral hemiparesis

How do you treat listeriosis?

Penicillin, dexamethasone, fluids

What is the pathogenesis of Uinlateral Vestibular Disease?

Otitis media infection ascending eustachian tube > head tilt, horizontal nystagmus, circling, eye droop

How to you treat unilateral vestibular disease?

Penicillin

How do you treat sarcocystis?

Diclazuril

What are the clinical signs of Scrapie?

Woll loss over flanks/tail/head from rubbing Hyperpigmentation Stimulating skin over dorsal sacal area> nibble response

What arhe the agents of pasteurellosis?

M. haemolytica | P. trehalosi

What are the clinical signs of pasteurellosis?

Pneumonic: serous ocular and nasal dischrage, frothy fluid in mouth, ecchymotic haemorrhages over throat and ribs with swollen purple/red lungs Septicaemic: dark red mucous membranes, petechiae myocardium, spleen, liver, and kidney, hepatic fatty change Systemic: swollen lungs with haemorrhages but no consolidation

How do you treat pasteurellosis?

oxytet | NSAIDs

What are the agents of atypical pneumonia?

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae | Chlamydia psittaci

How do you treat atypical pneumonia?

Ocytet

What are the different types of lungworm? How do they differ?

Dictyocaulus filaria - L1-L3 on pasture from winter to spring then ingested in spring. habitate BRONCHI Protostrongylus rufescens: land snail intermediate host. habitate BRONCHIOLES Muellerius capillaris: Land snail intermediate host. habitate ALCEOLI

What breeds get laryngeal chondritis?

Texels and suffolks with short neck conformation

What is the pathogenesis of OPA?

infectous tumour virus > replaces normal alveolar cells > excess surfactant > enlarged heavy lungs

What is the agent of liver fluke? Describe its life cycle.

Fasciola hepatica | Eggs laid in bile ducts > faces > hatch on pasture > mud snail > encysts on vegetation > ingested

How do you treat liver fluke?

Triclabendazole

What diagnostic test do you use for liver fluke?

Faeces sedimentation

What is the agent of lungworm?

Dictyocaulus filarial

What agent causes babesiosis?

Babesia bigemino | B. bovis

How do you treat babesiosis

Imidocarb diproprionate