Stuff that is definitely going to be on the final

Question 1

What is the closest living relative to animals?

Answer 1

Choanoflagellates

Question 2

Which groups of animals are coelomates?

Answer 2

everything except roundworms, rotifers, and flatworms

Question 3

Which groups of animals are acoelomates?

Answer 3

flatworms

Question 4

Which groups of animals are pseudocoelomates?

Answer 4

roundworms and rotifers

Question 5

Distinguish among the cleavage, coelom formation, and fate of blastopore for protostomes and deuterostomes.

Answer 5

Protostome
Spiral and determinate
Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
Mouth develops from blastopore

Deuterostome
Radial and indeterminate
Folds of archenteron form coelom
Anus develops from blastopore

Question 6

Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for sponges.

Answer 6

asymmetrical, spongocoel for gut, cellular organization

Question 7

Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for cnidarians.

Answer 7

radial symmetry, incomplete gut, tissue level of organization (diploblastic)

Question 8

Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for flatworms.

Answer 8

bilateral, incomplete, acoelomates, organ system

Question 9

Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for rotifers.

Answer 9

bilateral, complete gut, pseudo, organ system

Question 10

Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for annelids

Answer 10

bilateral, complete, coe, organ system

Question 11

Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for molluscs

Answer 11

kind bilateral?, complete, coe, organ system

Question 12

Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for roundworms

Answer 12

bilateral, complete, psuedo, organ system

Question 13

Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for arthropods

Answer 13

bilateral, complete, coe, organ system

Question 14

Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for echnidoderms

Answer 14

radial (larvae are bilateral), complete, coe, organ system

Question 15

Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for chordates

Answer 15

bilateral, complete, coe, organ system

Question 16

Define spongocoel

Answer 16

central cavity of sponges

Question 17

Define osculum

Answer 17

large opening where food exits in sponges (not operculum)

Question 18

Define choanocytes

Answer 18

flagellated collar cells that make water currents and ingest food in sponges

Question 19

Define mesohyl

Answer 19

gelatinous noncellular layer between two cell layers in sponges

Question 20

Define amoebocytes

Answer 20

found in mesoyl, move around and phagasitize food in sponges

Question 21

Define gastrovascular cavity

Answer 21

central digestive compartment of cnidarians, also a general term for guts that only have one opening

Question 22

Define cnidocytes

Answer 22

cells that function in defense and capture of prey in cnidarians

Question 23

Define nematocysts

Answer 23

speciallized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a sting thread, in cnidarians

Question 24

What was the first group to form three cell layers?

Answer 24

Flatworms

Question 25

Define protonephridia

Answer 25

organs that regulate the osmotic balance in flatworms

Question 26

Describe the life cycle of schistosoma

Answer 26

releases ciliated larva through the urine or feces, reproduces asexually in its snails, leaves as a motile larva, and burrows into the skin of a human and travels to the blood vessels of the large intestine, small intestine, or bladder

Question 27

Describe swimmer's itch

Answer 27

caused by a fish-eating-bird fluke that burrows into humans, but is repelled

Question 28

What is special about the reproduction of rotifers?

Answer 28

by parthenogenesis, some species don't even have any males

Question 29

What are the three parts of the mollusca body plan?

Answer 29

Have foot, visceral mass, and mantle

Question 30

Describe the reproduction of mussels native to MO

Answer 30

Fertilization occurs within female Trochophore larvae matures to veliger, a specialized kind of which (a glochidium) are released on to fish gills or fins (after luring with fake fish) Develop there for days to weeks, then metamorphose into juveniles and fall to stream bottom

Question 31

Give some causes for the endangerment of the MO mussles

Answer 31

``` Button industry Habitat loss and fragmentation Dams and channelization Pollution and sedimentation Non-native species -> zebra mussel, Asiatic clam Loss of symbiotic fish species ```

Question 32

What kind of circulatory system and muscle type do annelids have?

Answer 32

Complete and both circular and longitudinal

Question 33

Give some examples of the use of leeches in medicine

Answer 33

Remove pooled blood Help with reattached appendages Help with reconstructive surgery

Question 34

What kind of circulatory system and muscle type do nematodes have?

Answer 34

lack circulatory systems, only longitudinal

Question 35

Describe trichinella spiralis, hookworm, pinworms, horsetail worms, and heartworms

Answer 35

Trichinella spiralis can be caught through undercooked pork Hookworm larvae leave dirt and enter feet Pinworms are transferred through contact, cause itching around anus Horsetail worms cause the insects they infect to head to sources of water Heartworms are transmitted by mosquitoes and treated by arsenic

Question 36

What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?

Answer 36

open

Question 37

Define chelicerae

Answer 37

clawlike feeding appendages of the chelicerata clade (spiders and horseshoe crabs)

Question 38

What is the difference between millipedes and centipedes?

Answer 38

Millipedes- eat decaying leaves and plant matter, two pairs of legs per truck segment Centipedes- carnivores, one pair of legs per truck segment, poison claws

Question 39

Give some examples about why insects are so numerous and successful

Answer 39

Flight allows them to escape predators, find food, and disperse to new habitats Evolved many types of appendages Coevolved with flowering plants

Question 40

What is the covering of echinioderms made out of? What about arthropods?

Answer 40

CaCO3, chitin

Question 41

Define water-vascular system

Answer 41

network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion and feeding in echinoderms

Question 42

What clade only resembles chordates during their larval stage?

Answer 42

Urochordata, tunicates

Question 43

What are the four derived traits of chordates?

Answer 43

Notochord- Longitudinal, flexible rod that provides skeletal support Dorsal, hollow nerve cord- Develops into the central nervous system Pharyngeal slits or clefts- Clefts develop into slits that function in suspension-feeding, gas exchange, or parts of the ear/head/neck Muscular, post-anal tail

Question 44

Describe the osteichyan clade

Answer 44

Clade of gnathostomes with a body endoskeleton, include bony fish and tetrapods

Question 45

Describe the cyclostome and gnathostome clade

Answer 45

Hagfishes and lampreys are living jawless vertebrates, cyclostomes Vertebrates with jaws are the gnathostomes

Question 46

Describe the life cycle and methods to defend against lampreys

Answer 46

Reproduce in streams, larvae burrow in the floor, migrate towards lakes and enter parasitic stage TFM in streams to attack larvae in streams, bailicide in the larger streams, sterilize male lampreys, barriers with direct currents, synthetic pheromones

Question 47

Define oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous

Answer 47

Oviparous: Eggs hatch outside of mother’s body Ovoviviparous: Embryo develops in uterus, nourished by egg yolk Viviparous: Embryo develops in uterus, nourished by yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood

Question 48

Name the three derived traits of vertebrates

Answer 48

Vertebral column, skull, fin rays

Question 49

What are the two advantages of backbones?

Answer 49

finding food and evading predators

Question 50

Describe Tiktaalik's fish and tetrapod traits

Answer 50

``` Fins, gills, lungs, and scales Ribs to breathe air and support its body A neck and shoulders Fins with the bone pattern of a tetrapod limb Flat head with eyes on top ```

Question 51

Describe the four features of the anmiotic egg (amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois)

Answer 51

Amnion: protection Chorion: gas exchange, evolves into placenta Yolk Sac: nutrients Allantois: waste and gas exchange

Question 52

Give some reasons for the sea turtle decline

Answer 52

Pollution from plastics, fishing (hooks and bycatch), hunting and harvesting of adults and eggs, light pollution, beach development (loss of habitat), global warming and gender determination

Question 53

Name the five venomous snakes of MO

Answer 53

``` Eastern Copperhead Northern Cottonmouth Prairie Massasauga Timber Rattlesnake Western Pygmy Rattlesnake ```

Question 54

How do tuataras differ from lizards? Where are they found? How are they threatened?

Answer 54

They differ from lizards in that they have no external ears, they enjoy cooler weather, they are nocturnal, and they have a third eye Small islands off the coast of New Zealand Threatened by introduced rats that eat their eggs

Question 55

Describe the bird and dinosaur traits of archaeopteryx

Answer 55

Had a long tail with many vertebrae, toothed beak, and wing claws, but also had an airfoil wing with contour feathers and an S-shaped neck

Question 56

How did mammals evolve from early synapsids?

Answer 56

two bones that made up the jaw joint were incorporated into the mammalian middle ear (incus and malleus)