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Hvað eru virulence factors og hvað gera þeir?
Virulence factors are molecules produced by organisms that contribute to the pathogenicity of the organism and enable them to achieve one or more of the following:
- Colonisation of a niche of the host (e.g. attachment to cells)
- Evasion of the host’s immune response (immunoevasion)
- Inhibition of the host’s immune response (immunosuppression)
- Entry into and exit out of cells (if the pathogen is intracellular)
- Obtain nutrition from the host
Hvaða baktería framleiðir Lecthinase alpha toxin og hvað gerir það?
Lecthinase alpha toxin (Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin) is a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens and is responsible for gas gangrene and myonecrosis in infected tissues. The toxin also possesses haemolytic activity.
Hvaða 3 bakteríur eru með IgA protease secretion?
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Hvaða baktería framleiðir protein A?
Staphylococcus aureus
Hvaða baktería framleiðir M protein?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Hvaða baktería er með Toxin mediated epithelial irritation?
Vibrio cholerae
Dæmi um 4 bakteríur sem framleiða spor?
Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus (og auðvitað C. diff líka)
Hvaða 5 bakteríur eru með flagella?
Vibrio cholerae Helicobacter pylori Campylobacter jejuni Salmonella typhi Escherichia coli
Natural and innate immunity skiptist í þrennt:
- Barriers to infection (t.d. húðin, normal bakteríuflóra á húð, sýra í maga, vaginu og þvagi)
- Normal flora
- Phagocytes og komplement kerfið (byggir ekki á adaptive immunity)
Hvers konar virulence factor hefur influenza?
Haemagglutinin sem hún notar fyrir attachment.
Hvað notar giardia (sem er protozoa) til að festa sig við frumur?
Disc
Dæmi um virulence mekanisma malaríu, P falciparum?
Er með antigen sem gera þeim kleift að festa sig við háræðar og blokkar þær í raun.
Við hvað festir HIV sig?
CD4 frumur.
Hvað gerir protein A sem t.d. S aureus notar?
Það hamlar komplement kerfinu sem myndi annars drepa hann.
Hvað nota margir streptococcar til að breiða úr sér, t.d. í cellulitis?
Alls konar toxín.
Hvað er það við C. tetani sem veldur krömpunum?
Toxínin, ekki bakterían sjálf.
Hvers konar baktería er Neissera gonorrhoeae?
Gram-negative diplococcus
Hvers vegna getur maður fengið Neisseriu aftur (lekanda)?
Antigenic variation of the gonococcal pili
Hvernig er Neisseria greind?
For diagnosis pus from the urethra, cervix, rectum or throat should be plated directly or transported rapidly to the laboratory in specialised transport medium. Traditionally diagnosis has been made with Gram-stain and culture but new PCR testing methods are becoming more commonly used.
Hvernig og hvenær er Neisseria meðhöndluð?
Treatment should be given before sensitivity results are available. Currently ceftriaxone is one of the few effective antibiotics and this is usually given in combination with azithromycin or doxycycline. Resistance is becoming an increasingly troublesome problem.
7 einkenni Neisseriu hjá konum?
- Vaginal discharge (in around 50%)
- Lower abdominal pain (in around 25%)
- Dysuria (in 10-15%)
- Pelvic/lower abdominal tenderness (< 5%)
- Endocervical discharge and/or bleeding
- Rectal infection (usually asymptomatic but can cause anal discharge)
- Pharyngitis (usually asymptomatic)
5 einkenni Neisseriu hjá körlum:
- Urethritis (in around 80%)
- Dysuria (in around 50%)
- Mucopurulent discharge
- Rectal infection (usually asymptomatic but can cause anal discharge)
- Pharyngitis (usually asymptomatic)
Í hvaða fjölskyldu eru Staphylococcar, hvort eru þeir gram pos eða neg og hvernig líta þeir út í smásjá?
Staphylococci are part of the Micrococcaceae family. It is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that appear round (cocci) on microscopy and form in grape-like clusters.
Eru coagulase positive
Hvaða tvo virulence faktora hafa Staphylococcar?
- It produces coagulase, which catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and is thought to form a protective barrier for the organism.
- It also has receptors for the host cell surface and matrix proteins that help the organism to adhere.