Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Semester 3 FS Exam 4 > System Changes > Flashcards

System Changes Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Flexible disk shaped cells filled with hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do erythrocytes do

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide through blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Erythrocytes - life span

A

120 days

Produced at rate of 2 million per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

RBC changes

A 
Dec cell size
Inc cell density (dec lipid content)
Dec enzymes 
Less reversible deforamation 
Loss of elasticity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RBC changes - concerns for geriatrics

A 
Anemia 
- not a single disease
- affects other systems
- measured by hemoglobin and hematocrit
Will fatigue easily and look a little pale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Most common forms of anemia

A

Hypoproliferative anemia

Ineffective erythropoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypoproliferative anemia

A

Lower rate of RBC production in bone marrow and will impact the hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Common causes of hypoproliferative anemia

A

Low iron

Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most common forms of anemia - Ineffective erythropoiesis

A

Damage to the RBC after it leaves the bone marrow

Vit B 12 deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Net effect of changes in RBCs

A

Dec toelrance of exercise
Stress on tissue and organs
Dec cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

To be immune from something is to be

A

protected from it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Development of immunity requires

A

one to be exposed, results in mild illness, recover and then when exposed again have immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Two processes to develop immunological memory

A

Humoral mediated

Cell mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Humoral mediated memory

A

Antibodies circulate through the blood (humor)
Bind foreign organism
Helper T lymphocyte cells activate B cells - produce memory for immunity
Diminishes with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cell mediated memory

A

Antigen bind to T cells
Cytotoxins are produced
Destroy antigens
Diminish with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Age related decline in immune system

A

Infections
Cancer
Autoimmune diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Infectious disease ex

A 
Influenza
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Meningitis
UTI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Infectious diseases

A

Deficiencies in both humoral and cell mediated responses
Decline in helper t cell function
Destruction of B cell clones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Net effect with infectious disease

A

Dec ability to generate antibody responses to certain infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • Inc in
A

Leukemia
Cancer of lung, breast, prostate, stomach and pancreas
Due to dec in inmune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

Body loses the ability to distinguish self from nonself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Common autoimmune diseases

A

RA
Hashimotos thyroiditis
Lupus
Chronic Hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Autoimmune disease - due to

A

Degredation of the thymus gland and inability to destroy self harming t cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Digestive system

A

Attached to dig system is exocrine glands, pancreas, liver - each secrete substances to aid with digestion
Aging by itself has minimal effect

25
Changes in the digestive system - changes in mouth
``` Dentation Osteoporotic changes in jaw Recession of gums Inc changes of dental caries Dysphagia Enamel wears down Dec salivary gladns ```
26
Changes in digestive system - esophagus
Dec rate of cell turnover (erosion) Dec peristaltic movements Dec motor control Inc reflux
27
Net effect - esophagus
``` Delayed emptying (pain) Dilation ```
28
Stomach
Rate of gastric acis secretion dec Inc in peptic ulcers and gastritis Inc in pylori Can result in Fe deficiency anemia
29
___ cancer is most common in elderly
Stomach | Of stomach cancer - it is most popular in the elderly
30
Small intestine
Cont digestion with help of secretions | Little effect from age
31
Liver
produces bile detoxity foreign and dangerous chemicals Break down medications - diminishes with age
32
Bile is stored in
Gall bladder
33
Bile is required to
breakdown fats in chyme
34
Large intestines
``` Diverticulosis Dec motility Fecal incontinence Peritonitis Colon cancer ```
35
Diverticulosis
Intestinal lining has herniated through intestinal wall | Diet low in fiber
36
Net effect of digestive system - motility
``` Dec # of ganglion cells In emptying time Inc freq non-peristatic contractions Dec amplitude of muscle contraction Impaired relaxation ```
37
Net effect of digestive system - absorption
Most substances, absorbed normally to 60-70yo and then changes Changes due to dec SA (person getting smaller)
38
Genitourinary system - kidney func
Excrete waste from body | Maintain stability of fluid compartments of body - plasma and interstitial fluid
39
Renal system - anatomical changes
``` Dec kidney mass Dec # of glomeruli Inc # of abdnormal glomeruli Dec length and volume of proximal tubule Dec mitochrondria Loss of muscle from arteries ```
40
Renal system - number of glomeruli Age 25 and 85
``` 25 = 1 miliion nephrons per kidney 85 = dec by 30-40% ```
41
Functional changes - renal system
Dec GFR 50% by age 75 De % CO to kidney (receives 20% of CO) Dec concentrating/diluting urine and elimating waste in distal tube Funct nephrons - altered threshold for glucose
42
Clinical relevance - renal system chagnes
Impaired maitenence of fluid status when stressed | Impaired elimination of drugs
43
Effects of drugs on kidneys - NSAIDs
Affect hormonal regulation of kidney Block prostaglandins Predisposes them to acute renal failure and chronic damage
44
Serum creatinine
Clinical measure of renal function | Needs to be measured and interpreted when giving drugs
45
Bladder function changes
``` Dec ability to store urine Inc frequency of voiding Inc residual volume Inc frequency of uninhibited contractions Delayed sensation of filling ```
46
Older urinary tract prone to
Inc bacterial infections Inc kidney stones Inc renal failure
47
Acute failure - bladder - due to
Dehydration Low fluid intake Post injury or Post surgery
48
Chronic failure - bladder -
Inc frequency of incontinence
49
Problems with urinary tract are often related to
Environmental factors Life style IT IS PREVENTABLE
50
Reversible causes of incontinence
``` DRIP D = delirium R = restricted mobility, rentention I = infection, inflammation, impactation P = polyuria, pharmaceuticals ```
51
Endocrine system
Collection of glands that secrete chemical messengers into blood stream
52
Endocrine system - hierarchical control
Starting with hypothalamus releasing hormones to pituitary gland - releasing hormones to thyroid, adrenal gland and gonads
53
Endocrine - aging creates
inadequate responses to the hormones
54
Cortisol
Stress hormone | Duty is to mobilize the bodys energy reserve
55
Prolonged elevation of cortisol can lead to
diabetes, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and immunosupression
56
Pancreas
Insulin and glucagon Deficient insulin action (NIDDM) 27% over 65 have NIDDM
57
Some good attributes fro successful aging
``` Adaptible Coping ability Minimal stress Emotional gratification Pos life experiences Be active Vit D ```
58
Keys to successful aging
Low risk disease High mental func High physical func Active engagement with life

Semester 3 FS Exam 4 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions