TCI Lesson 21 Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
By 1819, how many new states had been formed, west of the Appalachians?
A
7 new states.
2
Q
What two main things did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 do?
A
- Established a process for forming new states: outlined the steps leading to a statehood.
- Banned slavery north of Ohio River.
3
Q
Due to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which states became free states?
A
- Ohio
- Indiana
- Illinois
4
Q
Due to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which states became slave states?
A
- Kentucky
- Tennessee
- Louisiana
- Mississippi
5
Q
In 1819, what 2 states applied for statehood? Did they want free or slave?
A
Alabama and Missouri. Both for slave state.
6
Q
Why did no one question admitting Alabama to the union as a state where enslavement was legal?
Provide the two main reasons.
A
- Located far south of Ohio river, surrounded by other states with slavery.
- By accepting Alabama as a state with slavery, congress would be able to restore the balance.
7
Q
What did some Northerners in Congress Question?
There are 2 questions.
A
- Whether Missouri should be admitted as a state with slavery.
- If Missouri were allowed to enter the Union as a state with slavery, some asked, what would keep slavery from spreading across all of the Louisiana Territory?
8
Q
The Talmadge Amendment:
A
Missouri could join the Union, but only as a free state.
9
Q
Who proposed the Talmadge amendment to the bill?
A
Representative James Talmadge of New York.
10
Q
True or False: Northerners protested the Talmadge Amendment.
A
FALSE!!!!!
Southerners in Congress protested Tallmadge’s amendment. What right, they asked, did Congress have to decide whether a new state should legalize slavery?
11
Q
What did the south want?
A
Each state to decide if they want to permit slavery,
12
Q
What was the base of Southerner’s protest during the Missouri conflict?
A
Southerners’ protests were based on their view that if Congress were allowed to end slavery in Missouri, it might try to end slavery elsewhere.
13
Q
Why did the south not want Missouri to join as a free state?
A
if Missouri entered the Union as a free state, the South would lose its power to block antislavery bills in the Senate, which would mean an end to enslavement and result in economic disaster for the South.
14
Q
In the North, the Tallmadge Amendment awakened _______ feelings against slavery
A
STRONG
15
Q
What did the north condemn slavery as?
A
immoral and unconstitutional
16
Q
Was Arthur Livermore pro or against slavery?
A
He was in favor of the tallmadge amendment, New Hampshire representative Arthur Livermore spoke for many Northerners when he said,
17
Q
What other state applied for statehood when the congress came back to Washington in 1820?
A
Maine, applying as a free state.
18
Q
Due to the deadlock that congress was stuck in, was words did Southerners start to use?
A
Civil War and Secession.
19
Q
True or False: Thomas Cobb of Georgia was a supporter of the Talmadge Amendment.
A
False. He warned supporters of the Amendment.
20
Q
True or False: Tallmadge was in support of the Talmadge Amendment.
A
True. IF YOU GOT THIS WRONG I AM DISSSAPOINTED.
21
Q
What did congress decide on, rather than the break up of a union (in 1820)?
A
The Missouri Compromise
22
Q
Who crafted the Missouri Compromise?
A
Henry Clay of Kentucky
23
Q
What is the Missouri Compromise?
A
An agreement made by Congress in 1820 under which Missouri was admitted to the Union as a state with slavery and Maine was admitted as a state without slavery
24
Q
Where did congress draw the imaginary line during the Missouri Compromise?`
A
Across the Louisiana Purchase at latitude 36°30ʹ.
25
True or False: The Missouri Compromise kept the Union together, but it pleased few people.
True
26
What was the northern reactions to the Missouri Compromise?
Congressmen in the north who voted to accept Missouri as a state with slavery were called traitors.
27
What was the Southern reactions to the Missouri Compromise?
They deeply resented the ban on slavery in territories that might later become states.
28
Was John Quincy Adams in favor or against the Missouri Compromise?
In favor.
"I have favored this Missouri compromise, believing it to be all that could be effected [accomplished] under the present Constitution, and from extreme unwillingness to put the Union at hazard [risk]," wrote Adams in his diary. "If the Union must be dissolved, slavery is precisely the question on which it ought to break. For the present, however, the contest is laid asleep."
29
What is the second great awakening?
The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the late 18th to early 19th century in the United States. It spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching and sparked a number of reform movements.
30
Leaders of this early-1800s religious revival. . .
. . . promised that God would bless those who did the Lord's work. For some Americans, the Lord's work was the abolition of slavery.
31
Northerners were concerned that if Missouri entered the Union as a slave state. . .
other territories could be admitted that also allowed slavery.
32
The Tallmadge Amendment, which proposed allowing Missouri to enter the Union as a free state, had which effect?
It awakened strong feelings against slavery in the North.
33
What would be the best way to describe the nation in 1819?
The United States was evenly divided between states with slavery and those without.
34
What was John Quincy Adams referring to in this quote? “If the Union must be dissolved, slavery is precisely the question on which it ought to break. For the present, however, the contest is laid asleep.
the Missouri Compromise
35
What did the “gag rule” accomplish?
It silenced all Congressional debate over slavery.
36
Why did California’s application for statehood in 1849 create conflict?
It angered the South because it would lead to more free states being represented in Congress.
37
What did congress vote in 1836
to table—or set aside indefinitely—all antislavery petitions. Outraged abolitionists called this action the "gag rule," because it gagged, or silenced, all congressional debate over slavery.
38
What did the "Gag Rule" prevent?
consideration of an antislavery proposal by John Quincy Adams, who was now a member of congress.
39
What did the Compromise of 1850 consist of?
5 laws reguarding slavery.
39
Who wrote the Comprimise of 1850?
Henry Clay
40
What were the 5 laws of the Comprimise of 1850?
Texas = free
California = free
New Mexico = vote on slavery
Utah = vote on slavery
Fugitive Slave Law
41
What was the Fugitave Slave Law?
It states that all escaped slaves that were caught had to be returned to their owners in the South.
42
What did the abolitionists wonder about the status the District of Columbia?
Did Congress have the power to ban slavery in the nation's capital.
43
True or False?
The gag rule completely silenced the abolitionists.
False, they continued to attack slavery in public meetings, newspapers, and books.
44
What was the Nat Turner rebellion?
It was the largest revolt against enslavement.
45
When was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
1854
46
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act for?
Congressional law to organize the territories of Kansas and Nebraska.
47
What did the Southern states adopt?
strict new laws to control the movement of enslaved people.
48
True or False?
The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Comprimise.
True
49
What did Mississippi reward people for doing, and how much was the reward?
The reward is $5,000
This was to arrest and convict any person "who shall utter, publish, or circulate" abolitionist ideas.
50
What caused the Lincoln-Douglas Debates?
The Illinois Senate race.
51
What were Lincoln and Douglass's differing opinions on slavery?
Lincoln: Thought slavery was a moral wrong/issue
Douglass: Thought the Dred Scott decision ends the slavery issue.
52
How did enslavers view enslaved people?
As valuable property, not as human beings.
53
True or False?
Lincoln wins the senate race in Illinois.
False
54
Why did enslavers oppose escape attempts?
Escaping meant loss of property and control.
55
Who was John Brown?
A white abolitionist
56
What law did enslavers push Congress to pass?
A law forcing escaped slaves to return to bondage
57
What was John Brown's Raid?
John Brown stole weapons from the national armary in Harper's Terry and armed slaves in a hope to have them revolt.
58
How long did the Gag Rule keep the slavery issue out of Congress?
The gag rule kept the slavery issue out of Congress for ten years.
59
True or False?
John Brown's Raid was succesful.
False, his small army was quickly killed and overpowered, and he was hung for treason.
60
Who is the president, James K. Polk ?
The 11th U.S. President
61
What did James Polk send a bill to Congress asking for (in 1846)?
Asking for funds for the was with Mexico
62
What was the Fugitive Slave Act?
A law that required escaped enslaved people to be returned to their enslavers, even from free states.
63
What year was the Fugitive Slave Act passed?
1850
63
What did the Fugitive Slave Act make illegal?
Helping enslaved people escape or refusing to help return them.
64
How did the Fugitive Slave Act affect the North?
Forced Northerners to support slavery by law, even if they opposed it.
65
What was the Wilmot Proviso?
A proposed amendment to ban slavery in land won from Mexico.
66
Who proposed the Wilmot Proviso?
David Wilmot, a representative from Pennsylvania.
67
Did the Wilmot Proviso become law?
No, it failed to pass in the Senate.
68
What was the goal of the Wilmot Proviso?
To stop the expansion of slavery into new U.S. territories.
69
Who strongly opposed the Wilmot Amendment?
Southerners in Congress strongly opposed Wilmot's amendment and maintained that Congress had no right to decide where enslavers could take the people they enslaved, whom enslavers considered property.
70
For how many years did Congress debate what to do with slavery in the territory gained from Mexico?
Three Years.
71
What was the Southern proposal regarding the Missouri Compromise line?
Southerners wanted to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean to divide future territories.
72
What would the extended Missouri Compromise line do?
Ban slavery north of it and allow slavery south of it
73
Why did Southerners want to extend the Missouri Compromise line?
To protect the expansion of slavery into new western territories.
74
How did Northerners in Congress respond to the extension proposal?
They rejected it, opposing the spread of slavery
75
What was the outcome of the proposed Missouri Compromise extension?
The proposal was rejected, which increased sectional tensions.
76
What year did California apply for admission to the Union?
1849
77
True or False: California applied for statehood in the Union as a slave state.
False: California applied for admission to the Union as a free state. Northerners in Congress welcomed California with open arms, but Southerners rejected California's request. Making California a free state, they warned, would upset the balance between states with slavery and states without slavery.
78
What would happen as a result of California gaining statehood?
The result would be unequal representation of states with slavery and states without slavery in Congress.
79
What issue caused Congress to become deadlocked in 1850?
California’s request to enter the Union as a state.
80
How did Southerners react to the deadlock over California’s statehood?
Some spoke openly about withdrawing from the Union.
81
What did California's statehood request lead to in Congress?
Proclamation of 1850
82
How did Northerners respond to the growing slavery debate in 1850?
They condemned slavery as a crime against humanity and a moral wrong.
83
What rising tension was highlighted by the debate over California?
The threat of Southern secession and Northern moral outrage over slavery.
84
Who was Henry Clay in 1850?
A senator from Kentucky and the author of the Missouri Compromise.
85
What did Henry Clay do on January 21, 1850?
He visited Senator Daniel Webster during a snowstorm to discuss a new plan.
86
Why did Clay visit Daniel Webster in 1850?
He needed Webster’s support to pass a compromise plan in Congress. (Compromise of 1850)
87
What issue was Clay trying to resolve with his new plan?
The deadlock in Congress over California’s request for statehood.
88
What was Clay’s goal in creating a new compromise in 1850?
To resolve sectional tensions and avoid national division.
89
How did the Compromise of 1850 please both sides?
It began with the admission of California to the Union as a free state, which would please the North. Meanwhile, it allowed the New Mexico and Utah territories to decide whether to allow slavery, which would please the South.
90
What did Clay’s compromise plan of 1850 do in Washington, D.C.?
It ended the buying and selling of enslaved people there.
91
Could enslavers in Washington, D.C., still keep enslaved people under Clay’s plan?
Yes, they could still own enslaved people but could no longer trade them.
92
Why was ending the slave trade in Washington, D.C. significant?
It was meant to satisfy abolitionists without fully abolishing slavery.
93
What did Clay and Webster hope the compromise would achieve?
Support from abolitionists while protecting enslavers’ rights.
94
How did Clay’s plan try to balance opposing views on slavery?
By ending the slave trade in the capital without freeing enslaved people already there.
95
True or False: Webster denied supporting Clay's compromise of 1850.
False: Webster agreed to help it get passed in Congress. Despite Webster's support
96
How many months did Congress debate the Compromise of 1850 for?
9 frustrating months
97
What did a few Americans want to face?
A war over slavery
98
Did Congress ever adopt Clay's plan?
In September 1850, Congress finally adopted Clay's plan. Although most Americans were happy to see the crisis end, some Southerners remained wary of the compromise.
99
What did the Compromise of 1850 lead to?
The compromise led to the demise of one of the country's main political parties, the Whig Party—Clay and Webster's party—because members had moral objections to slavery.
100
True or False: After the compromise of 1850, the Union was satisfied, and everyone was living a life of rainbows and unicorns!
False. Almost. No. one. Was. Satisfied.
for different reasons
101
What is the Fugitive Slave Act?
A person arrested as a runaway had almost no legal rights.
102
What are the different reasons that unsatisfied the North and South about the Fugitive Slave Act?
North: Did not want to enforce the act.
South: felt the act did not do enough to ensure the return of what they considered their escaped property.
103
What legal rights did accused runaways have under the Fugitive Slave Act?
Almost none—they could be seized and returned without a fair trial.
104
Why did many fugitives flee all the way to Canada?
To avoid being caught and returned under the Fugitive Slave Act.
105
How did some people resist the Fugitive Slave Act?
Some, like Rev. Jermain Loguen, a former enslaved person who lived in New York, openly defied the law and refused to be re-enslaved.
106
Who was Reverend Jermain Loguen?
A formerly enslaved man who refused to obey or respect the Fugitive Slave Act.
107
What did the Fugitive Slave Act say about helping escapees?
Helping someone escape or refusing to help capture them could result in jail.
108
Why did Northerners oppose the Fugitive Slave Act?
It forced them to act as "slave catchers," violating their morals and freedoms.
109
Opposition to the act was __________ in the North.
widespread
110
How did Northerners react to slave catchers in cities like Boston?
They shouted at them and harassed them, yelling, "Slave hunters—there go the slave hunters."
111
How many fugitives were actually captured and returned under the Fugitive Slave Act in the 1850s?
Only about 300 out of tens of thousands.
111
What effect did the Northern resistance have on the Fugitive Slave Act?
It made the law nearly impossible to enforce.
112
What was Uncle Tom's Cabin and who wrote it?
A powerful anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
113
What inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe to write Uncle Tom's Cabin?
A vision she had in church of an enslaved man, Uncle Tom, being whipped to death.
114
What powerful message does Uncle Tom give before dying in Uncle Tom's Cabin?
He says, "I forgive ye, with all my soul," to his cruel enslaver, Simon Legree.
115
How was Uncle Tom’s Cabin received in the North and South?
It angered the South but deeply inspired the North to oppose slavery even more.
115
How did readers react to the story of Eliza in Uncle Tom's Cabin?
They were moved as she escaped across an icy river with her child to avoid being sold.
116
What is the Ostend Manifesto
a message sent to the secretary of state by three American diplomats who were meeting in Ostend, Belgium.
117
Who took office in 1853?
President Franklin Pierce
118
What was President Franklin Pierce trying to do in 1853 regarding Cuba?
He was attempting to purchase the island of Cuba from Spain.
119
How did Spain respond to President Pierce’s offer to buy Cuba?
Spain refused to sell the island to the United States.
120
What did U.S. diplomats suggest if Spain continued refusing to sell Cuba?
They urged the U.S. government to seize Cuba by force.
121
What happened when the U.S. diplomats’ message about Cuba was leaked to the public?
It caused outrage, especially among Northerners.
122
Why were Northerners angry about Pierce’s attempt to acquire Cuba?
They believed the goal was to add another slave state to the Union.
123
What did the Cuba controversy suggest about sectional tensions in the 1850s?
It revealed growing distrust between North and South over the expansion of slavery.
124
What was the message that caused outrage when leaked during Pierce’s presidency?
The Ostend Manifesto, a secret diplomatic message suggesting the U.S. should take Cuba by force if Spain refused to sell it.
125
Who is Stephen A. Douglas?
Senater of Illinois
126
In the same year as the Ostend Manifesto, which introduced a bill in Congress, creating an uproar? What was it?
Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois wanted to get a railroad built to California. He thought the project was more likely to happen if Congress organized the Great Plains into the Nebraska Territory and opened the region to settlers.
127
Where did the Nebraska Territory lie?
North of the Missouri Compromise. Douglas's bull had no mention of slavery.
128
What is Douglas's final version of the bill called?
Kansas-Nebraska Act, passed in 1854
129
How did the Northerners respond to Kansas Kansas-Nebraska Act?
They were outraged and haunted by visions of the expansion of enslavment across the plains.
130
What happened after the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854?
Settlers poured into Kansas. Most were peaceful farmers looking for good farmland, but some settlers moved to Kansas either to support or to oppose slavery.
131
What happened in Lawrence, Kansas, on May 21, 1856?
Proslavery settlers and "border ruffians" attacked the antislavery town, burning a hotel, looting homes, and destroying a newspaper press.
132
Who were the "border ruffians"?
Proslavery men from Missouri who crossed into Kansas to intimidate and attack antislavery settlers.
133
How did Northerners react to the attack on Lawrence, Kansas?
They were outraged, raised money to replace damaged property, and sent more Free-Soilers to Kansas.
134
What nickname was given to antislavery settlers moving to Kansas?
They were called “Free-Soilers.”
135
Who was John Brown and what did he do in response to the Lawrence attack?
A radical abolitionist who led a deadly raid at Pottawatomie Creek, killing five proslavery men.
136
What happened at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas, in 1856?
John Brown and his followers murdered five proslavery settlers with swords.
137
Who participated in John Brown's Pottawatomie raid?
Brown, four of his sons, his son-in-law, and two other followers.
138
What is a radical abolitionist?
Someone who believed slavery must be ended immediately and was willing to use extreme or violent actions to fight it.
138
139
Who was Senator Charles Sumner, and what speech did he give in 1856?
Charles Sumner was an antislavery senator from Massachusetts who gave a fiery speech called "The Crime Against Kansas," blaming proslavery forces for violence in Kansas.
140
What did Sumner accuse Senator Stephen Douglas of in his speech?
Sumner accused Douglas of conspiring with Southerners to make Kansas a slave state.
141
How did Senator Sumner describe slavery in his speech?
: He called it “a violent assault on an innocent territory” and used harsh language to denounce slavery and its defenders.
142
Who did Charles Sumner insult in his speech besides Stephen Douglas?
He also attacked Senator Andrew P. Butler of South Carolina.
143
What happened to Charles Sumner after his speech in the Senate
He was brutally attacked by Congressman Preston Brooks, who beat him unconscious with a metal-tipped cane.
144
Who was Preston Brooks and why did he attack Charles Sumner?
Preston Brooks was a South Carolina representative and relative of Senator Butler; he beat Sumner to defend his family’s and the South’s honor.
145
How did people in the South react to Preston Brooks’s attack on Sumner?
Many Southerners praised Brooks and sent him new canes as gifts.
146
How did Northerners respond to the beating of Charles Sumner?
They saw it as proof of Southern brutality and a sign that violence was overtaking politics.
147
How long did it take Charles Sumner to recover from the attack?
It took him over three years to fully recover from his injuries.
148
What impact did Sumner’s speech and the attack have on the country?
The incident deepened the North-South divide and increased tensions leading up to the Civil War
149
Identify which of the following individuals were Unionists and which were Confederates:
Charles Sumner
Preston Brooks
Henry Clay
John Brown
Stephen Douglas
Jefferson Davis
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Franklin Pierce
Ulysses S. Grant
David Wilmot
Charles Sumner (Massachusetts senator, anti-slavery)
Henry Clay (wanted to preserve the Union)
John Brown (radical abolitionist)
Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat, supported popular sovereignty but stayed with the Union)
Harriet Beecher Stowe (Northern abolitionist author)
Ulysses S. Grant (Union general)
David Wilmot (anti-slavery congressman, author of Wilmot Proviso)
Confederates / Pro-Southern or aligned with Southern interests:
Preston Brooks (South Carolina congressman, supported slavery)
Jefferson Davis (President of the Confederate States)
Franklin Pierce (Northern president but sympathetic to Southern causes like the Fugitive Slave Act)
150
Who was Dred Scott, and why did he sue for freedom?
Dred Scott was enslaved in Missouri. He sued for freedom, arguing that his stay in Wisconsin—a free territory—had made him a free man.
151
What were the two main legal questions in the Dred Scott case?
Was Scott, as an enslaved man, a citizen with the right to sue? And did living in a free territory make him free?
152
What did the Supreme Court decide about Scott’s citizenship?
The Court ruled that Dred Scott could not sue because African Americans—free or enslaved—were not U.S. citizens and could never become citizens.
153
What did the Court say about Scott’s time in Wisconsin?
The Court said his stay in Wisconsin did not make him free because the Missouri Compromise, which banned slavery there, was unconstitutional
154
Why did the Supreme Court rule the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional?
The Court said banning slavery in a territory violated enslavers’ property rights protected by the Fifth Amendment.
155
Who delivered the Dred Scott decision, and what was his background?
Chief Justice Roger Taney, once opposed to slavery, delivered the ruling. He had freed the people he had enslaved earlier in life.
156
How did the Dred Scott decision affect slavery in U.S. territories?
It allowed slavery in all territories by ruling that Congress could not ban it, effectively making all territories open to slavery.
157
How did slaveholders react to the Dred Scott decision?
Slaveholders were thrilled; they believed the decision finally secured their right to expand slavery into the territories.
157
How did Taney justify allowing slavery in the territories?
Taney argued that enslaved people were property, and banning slavery was like taking property without due process—unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment.
158
How did Northerners respond to the Dred Scott ruling?
Northerners were outraged. Newspapers called it a "wicked" and "false" judgment, seeing it as a massive setback for the anti-slavery movement.
159
Who formed a new political organization during the controversy over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and what was it called?
Free-Soilers and the once popular Whig Party formed the republican party.
160
The republicans were ______ by their beliefs that "no man can own another man. . ."
united
161
Which party nominated Aberham Lincoln to run for Senate in 1858 in Illinois?
Republican Party
162
During the Senate race, who was Lincoln's opponent?
Senator Stephen Douglas, an Illinois senator who saw no reason why the nation could not go on allowing enslavement in one half of the country and banning it in the other half.
163
During the _______________________, Douglas argued that the Dred Scott decision had put the slavery issue to rest, but Lincoln disagreed. In his eyes, slavery was a moral, not a legal, issue.
Lincoln-Douglas debates
164
Who won in the race for Senate, Lincoln vs. Douglas? Even though __________ lost what gave him an advantage anyway?
Douglas won, but for Aberham Lincoln, the debates were widely reported, and they helped make him a national figure. His argument with Douglas also brought the moral issue of slavery into sharp focus. Compromises over slavery were becoming impossible.
165
What did Brown want to use weapons to do?
Brown wanted to use the weapons to arm enslaved people for a rebellion that would end slavery.
166
In 1859, Brown launched his raid. It was an insane scheme during which many of his men were either killed or captured. What happened to Brown, though?
Brown himself was convicted of treason and sentenced to die. On the day of his hanging, he left a note that read, "I John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with Blood."
167
How was the 1860 presidential race divided?
Republicans united behind Lincoln; Democrats split into Northern (Stephen Douglas) and Southern (John C. Breckinridge) factions; Constitutional Union Party nominated John Bell.
168
How did Abraham Lincoln win the 1860 election?
Lincoln won with only 40% of the popular vote, all from Northern states; he was not even on the ballot in ten Southern states.
169
What message did Lincoln’s election send to white Southerners?
It signaled the South was a powerless minority fearful that slavery might soon be abolished.
170
What was South Carolina's reaction to the 1860 election results?
South Carolina held a convention and voted to secede from the Union on December 20, 1860.
171
What was Abraham Lincoln’s position on slavery during the post-election compromise talks?
Lincoln would not interfere with slavery in the South or the Fugitive Slave Act but refused to allow slavery to expand into new territories.
172
What was the Confederate States of America?
A group of seven Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed their own government in February 1861.
173
What did Lincoln say about secession in his inaugural address?
He called secession wrong and unconstitutional and urged the rebellious states to return peacefully.
174
When and where did the first shots of the Civil War occur?
April 12, 1861, at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina.
175
What happened at Fort Sumter?
Confederate forces bombarded the fort for over 30 hours until its surrender; no one was killed during the bombardment.
176
How did the North react to the attack on Fort Sumter?
The attack united the North in patriotic fury, ending hopes for compromise and starting the Civil War.
177
