Tectonics

Question 1

LEDC Volcano case study

Answer 1

Nyiragongo

Question 2

Social impacts of nyiragongo?

Answer 2

120,000 homeless
400,000 evacuated
100 deaths

Question 3

Economic impacts of nyrigongo?

Answer 3

350,000 dependent on aid

Loss of infrastructure and businesses

Question 4

Environmental impacts of nyriagongo?

Answer 4

Lava covered 15% of the city

Question 5

MEDC Volcano?

Answer 5

Iceland

Question 6

Social impacts of Iceland?

Answer 6

700 evacuated

Zero deaths

Question 7

Economic impacts of Iceland?

Answer 7

30 farms destroyed
95,000 flights cancelled
Airlines lost £200 million per day

Question 8

Environmental impacts of Iceland?

Answer 8

150m thick ice cap melted causing flooding

Crops destroyed

Question 9

LEDC Earthquake?

Answer 9

Haiti

Question 10

Social impacts of Haiti?

Answer 10

220,000 deaths
300,000 injured
1.3 million homeless

Question 11

Environmental impacts of Haiti?

Answer 11

Contaminated water spreading diseases such as cholera

Question 12

Economic impacts of Haiti?

Answer 12

30,000 buildings collapsed

Pressure of services

Question 13

Primary responses?

Answer 13

Food aid
Refugee camps
Rescue teams

Question 14

Secondary responses?

Answer 14

Money pledged by governments and organisations

Schools and infrastructure rebuilt

Question 15

MEDC Earthquake

Answer 15

L’Aquilla Italy

Question 16

Social impacts in Italy?

Answer 16

290 deaths

1500 injured

Question 17

Environmental impacts in Italy?

Answer 17

Landslides

Question 18

Economic impacts in Italy?

Answer 18

110,000 buildings damaged

Cost $15 billion to repair

Question 19

How many cm does the Pacific plate move over the Hawaiian hotspot?

Answer 19

5-10cm per year

Question 20

Social impacts in Japan?

Answer 20

20,000 deaths

530,000 evacuated

Question 21

Environmental impacts in Japan?

Answer 21

500 km2 of land was hit destroying settlements, crops and farms

Question 22

Economic impacts of Japan?

Answer 22

Businesses/infrastructure destroyed

Cost $30 billion to repair

Question 23

A primary response to Japan tsunami?

Answer 23

100,000 Japanese soldiers sent for search and rescue

Question 24

Describe the crust

Answer 24

Graphite/basalt
Solid
50-80km
900’C

Question 25

Describe the mantle

Answer 25

Peridite Liquid 2900km 1600'C

Question 26

Describe the inner core

Answer 26

Iron/nickel Solid 1270km 5-6000'C

Question 27

Describe the outer core

Answer 27

Iron/nickel Liquid 2200km 4000'C

Question 28

Describe a divergent plate boundary

Answer 28

Plates are pulled away from each other Oceanic= seafloor spreading eg. Mid Atlantic ridge Continenetal= rift valley eg. Kenya, Africa

Question 29

Describe a convergent plate boundary

Answer 29

Plates are moved towards each other Oceanic-continenetal= composite cone/fold mountains Oceanic-oceanic= shield volcano/tsunami Continental-continental= fold mountains

Question 30

Describe a conservative plate boundary

Answer 30

Plates rub against each other creating friction and building up pressure. The stress is suddenly released causing seismic waves from the focus. An earthquake occurs.

Question 31

Describe Alfred Wegner's theory of plate tectonics (1912)

Answer 31

- Jigsaw fit between S America and Africa - Matching rock sequence in NW Scotland and E Canada - Coal in Antartica must have been in a warmer climate - Branchiopods (Permian fossil) found in India and Australia. - Glacial deposits+striations in Brazil match W Africa

Question 32

Describe Harry Hess' theory of plate tectonics (1962)

Answer 32

Seafloor spreading- occurs on a constructive plate margin where new rock forms from basalt lava Paleomagnetism- the earth's magnetic field switches polarity every 400,000 years causing the rocks to line up in different directions. Proving that new rocks are forming so plates are being pulled apart.

Question 33

What are the 3 types of tsunamis?

Answer 33

Underwater, Submarine and Underwater/coastal landslide

Question 34

What are the stages of Parks disaster response curve?

Answer 34

Pre-disaster (life as normal) Relief (increase in deterioration, leading to search and rescue and care) Rehabilitation (help is accessed and people are getting back to normality) Reconstruction (permanent rebuilding of infrastructure to get to normality and above to improvement)

Question 35

What is the definition of a hazard?

Answer 35

a natural/geophysical event that has the potential to threaten both life and poverty

Question 36

What is the definition of a disaster?

Answer 36

a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts

Question 37

What is the definition of a mega disaster?

Answer 37

when a major hazardous event becomes catastrophic and more than a disaster (eg. huge death toll)

Question 38

What is the pressure and release model?

Answer 38

Risk= hazard x vulnerability