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developmental psychology > Temperament and attachment > Flashcards

Temperament and attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the example of predisposition when behaviours/characterisitcs handed down through
evolution which enhance survival?

A

Infants:
* cute appearance - elicits caring and parental response

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2
Q

What parts of brain gets stimulated when seeing the infant?

A

burst of activity in the orbitofrontal cortex(reward centre)

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3
Q

What are the three types of temperament of infant?

A

Easy(40%), difficult(10%), and mixed(50%)

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4
Q

How is infant temperament described?

A

9 dimensions

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5
Q

Is infant temperament stable over time?

A

Moderately stable

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6
Q

What percentage of new mothers experience post-natal depression?

A

10-15%

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7
Q

When does stranger anxiety typically peak in infants?

A

Between 10 and 14 months.

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8
Q

When does separation anxiety typically peak in infants?

A

About 14 months

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9
Q

Why do infants experience separation anxiety?

A

Because they become attached to their caregivers.

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10
Q

What are the four types of attachment?

A

1) secure (67%), 2) insecure resistant, 3) insecure avoidant,
or 4) insecure disoriented

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11
Q

Is attachment stable over time?

A

Pretty stable

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12
Q

What are some outcomes of secure attachment?

A

Better emotional regulation, social competence, and mental health.

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13
Q

What are the effects of lacking attachment and a stable, loving caregiver?

A

Delayed development and ADHD symptoms

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14
Q

What is an example of predisposition among infants?

A
  • show attachment behaviour when begin to be mobile
    (crawl) Þ safety
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15
Q

What is an example of predisposition among adults?

A
  • respond to cries with focused attention & more
    rapid heartbeat even when haven’t cared for a baby,
    greater urgency with more distressed cries
  • respond to infants’ smiles & laughs with
    physiological arousal
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16
Q

What are the nine different dimension to characterize the infant’s temperament in early days and months?

A

Thomas, Chess, & Birch (1968) summarizes: activity, rhythmicity, approach-withdrawl, adaptability, intensity of reaction, responsiveness threshold, quality of mood, distractibility and attention span.

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17
Q

Why is nature and nurture hardly discriminate?

A

only half Japanese babies cry, whereas most of European babies mostly cried(nature study); Canadian Chinese babies showed a greater pain response to injection at 60 days compared to Canadian European babies

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18
Q

What is the trends of babies’ fuss and crying?

A

decreases over the time

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19
Q

How stable are the most stable aspect of temperament?

A

Moderately stable, genetic component

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20
Q

What is the difference in correlation/concordance between identical and fraternal twins?

A
  • identical twins: concordance rate = .72
  • fraternal twins: concordance rate = .38
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21
Q

Is the negative effect more influenced by heredity or other dimensions?

A

Heredity

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22
Q

Does heredity more influence temperament in childhood than in the infancy?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Why is an infant’s temperament important?

A
  • persistent children: more likely to succeed in school
  • active, distractable children: less likely to succeed in school
  • anxious, fearful children: more likely to comply with parents’ rules
  • fearful, angry children: more prone to depression
  • shy children: less likely to help stranger (experimenter) in distress
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24
Q

What is later attachment leads to?

A

social and emotional development

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25
What is parenting style leads to?
social and emotional development
26
Is infant temperament affect often small?
Yes, most personality changes.
27
How stable is shyness?
one of durable and consistent trait, in white American white children, * 25% consistently outgoing * 10% consistently shy
28
What happens in Kagan & Snidman's experiment?
4 months-exposed to novel toy, measured whether it is high or low on motor activity and crying, * 23% high-high * 37% low-low * 40% high-low or low-high 9 and 14 months, expose to stranger or unusual taste of 15 toddlers who has lowest fear were never being the situation of high to high in 4 months of 5 toddler who has highest fear were never being in the situation of low to low in 4 months
29
What is the environmental component of the shyness?
-shyness more likely when having dominating older sibling -an extremely shy toddler have half chance to being not shy at age 7 -culture impact, shyness is much more acceptable in Chinese culture than American
30
What is the percentage of postnatal depression?
10-20%, 23% more likely to be admitted to psychiatric unit
31
What groups of people meet the criteria in the NZ survey about post natal depression?
Low income woman and Asian after they adjusted for covariates
32
What is the percentage of NZ woman get post natal paternal depression?
10%
33
What is the risk factors for post natal paternal depression?
* previous history of severe depression * depression and/or anxiety during the antenatal period * partner who has developed depression in the postnatal period * limited education * other children in the family
34
How does the post natal paternal depression relate to child?
Interferes with bonding, perhaps with the child's exploration of environment,
35
What is the result of post natal paternal depression on child?
* Reduced IQ at 11 years in boys * Increased behavioural problems, violent behaviour, ADHD, special education needs * Effects in girls in same direction but not as strong
36
How frequlyent does baby blue affect a child?
* Affects 70-80% of women * Peaks 3-5 days post-partum, resolves by 10-14 days * Mood lability, tearfulness, anxiety/depression, irritability, fatigue, insomnia
37
How does the deterioration of relationship manifest in the study by Shapiro et al. (2000)?
Sudden relationship deterioration after the child is born, Marital satisfaction declines in 67% of wives; childless couple displays gradual satisfaction decline in 51% of wives
38
What is stranger anxiety?
begins 6 mths, peak at 10-14 mths * e.g., cry when meet stranger * depends on baby's temperament, mother-infant relationship, stranger's behaviour toward baby
39
What is separation anxiety, and when does it occur?
begins 8 mths, peak at 14 mths if they leave abruptly vs. goodbyes & give reassurance
40
What is social referencing, and when does it occur?
infant won't play with robots if the mother is disgusted
41
Why did Harlow's monkey choose furry surrogate than the wire "mum"?
Bowlby states "Mother love in infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as are vitamins and protein for physical health."
42
What is a strange situation around 12 to 18 months?
Given four 4 types of attachment: -secure: leaves lap to play, but looks back, vocalising or returning for hug, distressed when mum leaves but not traumatising -insecure resistant: won't leave mum in the room, cry loudly when she leaves, aren't comforted when she returns -Insecure avoidant: little interaction with mother, no distress when leaves, no attempt to reestablish -insecure disorientated: inconsistent
43
How stable is the attachment security during infancy?
highly stable
44
What happens later on if you're securely attached at 1 year?
-less negative emotion, more positive emotion at 2 and 3 years -better curiosity, social, and cognitive skills at 3 years -more likely to be sought out as a friend, chosen as a leader at 3 years -interact with teachers in friendly and appropriate ways as children
45
What happens later on if you're insecurely attached at 1 year?
boys aggressively at age 4 girls are overly dependent
46
What does Schneider et al. (2001) show?
children with secure attachments tend to have better relations with peers, higher quality friendships
47
Why do securely attached children have these positive results?
* secure attachment promotes trust and confidence * apparently because mother responds predictably and appropriately (e.g., if baby cries)
48
Why do some parents respond to infants more?
theory is that parent use their own experience to guide the parenting
49
What are the three classes of parents?
-Secure: describe childhood experiences objectively, value the impact of their own parents on their development -dismissive: sometimes deny value of their childhood experience or recall them precisely, yet often idealise parents -preoccupied: describe childhood experiences emotionally, often expresses anger or confusion regarding relationships with parents
50
What does parents' secure attachments relate to?
a) sensitive caregiving, and b)secure attachment in their infants
51
When does the insecure attachments mostly likely to occur?
caregiver rigid and babies with difficult temperament
52
What did Bowlby argue about the attachment can be stable into adulthood?
Unless there are negative events, (a) loss of parent, (b) parental divorce, (c) life-threatening illness of parent or child, (d) parental psychiatric disorder, (e) physical or sexual abuse by a family member
53
How consistent is the attachment style?
77% concordance between 1 year and 17 year
54
How much inter cultural and intra cultural variation?
some intercultural variation but basic pattern is consistent, relatively minor cultural differences - e.g., Japanese infants never left alone so find the Strange Situation very distressing, more resistant in Japan, whereas more avoidant in Germany
55
What does better attachment associated with?
sensitivity, responsiveness, talking and playing, father's involvement, marital, life circumstances, temperament, goodness of fit
56
What happens if mother and baby separated or mother dies?
* distress * protest * despair * detachment
57
What are the predictors of lasting psychological damage?
* the age of the child * the quality of the previous attachment * quality and familiarity of the substitute care * lasting damage is rare
58
What does adoption studies show?
deficits in IQ, language, social skills, and mental health in those spending in 3years than just first year By age 8 the difference gone, except for emotion and behaviour problems enrichment may overcome these problems
59
What happens to the children in Romanian orphanages?
Many were severely delayed some couldn't sit up at age of two, some were silent
60

developmental psychology (13 decks)

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