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Microbiology > Terms Module 1 > Flashcards

Terms Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of chemical and cellular defense against foreign substances

A

Immunology

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2
Q

foreign substance, such as a microorganism, which triggers the immune response

A

Antigen

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3
Q

Specific response to “foreign” substance (usually a microbe)

A

Adaptive (Acquired / Induced) Immunity Response

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4
Q

antigen-specific proteins which bind to the antigen and assist in inactivating the antigen

A

Antibody (Ab) [Immunoglobulin (Ig)]

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5
Q

a sequence of related host defense events beginning when a host encounters a substance as being “foreign” or “non-self” and leading to cellular and chemical defensive actions.

A

Immune Response

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6
Q

the body’s resistance to disease-causing microorganisms and damage by foreign substances

A

Immunity

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7
Q

certain white blood cells that ingest and digest (kill) invading microbes

A

Phagocytes

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8
Q

Non-specific, general recognition and response to “foreign” substance. Physical and chemical barriers (e.g. skin & mucous; certain proteins in blood and from specific tissue cells; inflammation, phagocytosis)

A

Innate Host Response (Natural/Native immunity)

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9
Q

The primary phagocytic cells

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

Moderately phagocytic; matures into macrophages & dendritic cells; and responds to inflammation signals

A

Monocyte

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11
Q

Nonspecific, general response to “foreign” substance, including inflammatory response

A

Innate Host Response (Natural/Native immunity)

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12
Q

precommitted to respond to specific antigens

A

Lymphocytes

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13
Q

numerous in allergic responses

A

Eosinophils

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14
Q

involved in the inflammatory process

A

Basophils

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15
Q

antigenic substance is engulfed and digested by certain white blood cells.

A

Phagocytosis

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16
Q

Lymphatic fluid containing antigens and Antigen-Presenting Cells flows through _______ where the antigens encounter and activate precommitted lymphocytes and respond to local or regional infections

A

Lymph nodes

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17
Q

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.

A

Diapedesis

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18
Q

(MALT)

A

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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19
Q

movement of phagocyte toward the site of inflammation/intrusion; “called” by cellular products

A

Chemotaxis

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20
Q

a process by which leukocytes stick to the walls of blood vessels at the site of an infection

A

Margination

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21
Q

Filters blood and traps blood-borne antigens – responds to systemic infections

A

Spleen

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22
Q

tissues where antigens interact with cells of the immune system

A

Lymphoid Tissue

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23
Q

(one amino acid chain) found on virtually every cell in the body

A

Class I MHC

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24
Q

(BALT)

A

Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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25
Q

A specific “foreign” substance which stimulates an immune response (immunogenic) when introduced into the body, and reacts with antibodies or T-cell receptors.

A

Immunogens

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26
Q

proteins on the surface of tissue and blood cells which identify cells belonging to a specific individual.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex proteins (MHC)

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27
Q

(GALT)

A

Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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28
Q

the specific part of the immunogen that specifies or determines the exact antibody to be produced

A

Epitope

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29
Q

Recognition of Self vs. Non-self is determined by

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex proteins (MHC)

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30
Q

(two amino acid chains) found only on immunocompetent cells, particularly B-cells and macrophages

A

Class II MHC

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31
Q

amino acid sequences vary from one immunoglobulin to another; match with variable region of corresponding heavy chain

A

Variable region (VL )

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32
Q

specific to the antigen to which this cell is ‘precommitted’ and they develop as attachment sites for specific types of foreign antigen molecules

A

Antigen-Specific Surface Receptors (T-cell Receptors [TCR] or B-cell receptors [BCR])

33
Q

antigen-specific binding sites – “lock and key” specificity for specific antigen

A

Fab sites

34
Q

The mature lymphocytes will be tolerant of antigens on our own “self” MHC molecules; and, therefore, will not mount an immune response against them.

A

Immune Tolerance

35
Q

Antibody that region binds to phagocyte

A

Fc region

36
Q

antigen-specific proteins which bind to specific sites on antigens and assist in inactivating the antigen by attaching to it.

A

Immunoglobulins (Ig) [Antibody (Ab)]

37
Q

Two types (2 sequences) – Kappa and Lambda types (4 subtypes)

A

Constant region (CL)

38
Q

LFA-1

A

Leukocyte Function-associated Antigen-1

39
Q

capture antigenic material (whole microbes) via phagocytosis

A

Macrophages

40
Q

Amino acid sequence and 3-dimensional structure accounts for ability to recognize and bind with a particular epitope

A

Variable region (VH)

41
Q

small proteins produced by specific human cells and which act as chemical mediators of the immune system to cause or enhance certain actions or functions of the immune system.

A

Cytokine Products of Cells

42
Q

capture “digested” antigenic material via antigen-specific B-cell receptors

A

B-lymphocytes (B-cells are not phagocytic)

43
Q

chemicals which help activate or control the cells of the immune system

A

Chemical Mediators

44
Q

Antigen-specific immunoglobulin response

A

Characteristics of TH2

45
Q

a proteoglycan which serves to assemble a complex containing granzymes and perforin

A

Serglycin

46
Q

defensive activities based on the role of antigen-specific immunoglobulins

A

Humoral Response

47
Q

a membrane-penetrating protein which creates an entrance into the target cell

A

Perforin

48
Q

Antigen-specific local inflammatory response

A

Characteristics of TH1

49
Q

cytotoxic protease molecules which cleave various proteins in the target cell’s cytoplasm thus leading to apoptotic death of the target cell

A

Granzymes

50
Q

Defensive activities based on the action of pre-committed T-lymphocytes that move into action to kill the invader or activate other parts of the immune system through the production of chemicals which directly fight (act to kill) the antigen (microbe) or regulate immune response

A

Cell-Mediated Response

51
Q

the immunoglobulin-producing progeny of an activated B-lymphocyte (lives only a few days; produces 20,000 molecules per minute)

A

Plasma cells

52
Q

gene rearrangement leading to the expression of a new heavy chain class (switch from IgM to IgG or IgA) without altering the specificity (Fab) of the immunoglobulin

A

Class Switching

53
Q

immunoglobulins alter the shape of toxin molecules, thus rendering them ineffective (activity of IgG only)

A

Neutralization of toxins

54
Q

the attachment of immunoglobulin molecules to the surface of an antigen (e.g. bacterial cell), thus marking the cell for rapid phagocytosis and increasing the phagocyte’s adherence to the cell.

A

Opsonization

55
Q

long-lived and self-renewing cells which “remember” the antigen and remain primed for future encounters with it

A

Memory T-lymphocytes (TM)

56
Q

a tissue cell that has high-affinity receptors for IgE and generates inflammatory chemical mediators in allergy

A

Mast Cell

57
Q

reaction limited to a specific target tissue or organ, often involving epithelial surfaces at the site of allergen entry (e.g. hay fever)

A

Localized anaphylaxis

58
Q

a shock-like and often fatal state whose onset occurs within minutes or exposure to the allergen (e.g. bee sting)

A

Systemic anaphylaxis

59
Q

A complex series of serum proteins which interact in a cascade fashion to enhance certain antigen-antibody reactions.

A

Complement System

60
Q

destruction of cells by means of membrane-attack complexes

A

Cytolysis

61
Q

the events which occur in the host’s immune system following first time exposure to a specific foreign substance.

A

Primary response

62
Q

chemical attraction of phagocytic cells to the site of antigenic stimulation.

A

Chemotaxis

63
Q

the rapid and highly specific response by the host’s immune system against a specific foreign substance which had been previously encountered.

A

Secondary response

64
Q

increase adherence of phagocytes to the antigen

A

Phagocyte adherence (opsonization)

65
Q

Results from direct stimulation of host immune system

A

Active immunity

66
Q

Results from transfer of pre-formed immunoglobulins and/or cells from a donor to the host. Host immune system does not participate.

A

Passive immunity

67
Q

active infection caused the host to produce immunoglobulins in response to the infection;

A

Active natural

68
Q

preformed immunoglobulins acquired by placental transport of mother’s Ig G to fetus, or by colostrum (Ig A) in the mother’s milk

A

Passive natural

69
Q

host produces immunoglobulins in response to immunization (vaccination) with live or killed microorganism

A

Artificial active

70
Q

pre-formed immunoglobulins acquired by injection of antiserum or antitoxin

A

Artificial passive

71
Q

a class of bacterial toxins and viral proteins that can non-specifically bind the MHC-II molecule of an APC with the TCR of a T-cell in a tight adhesion of the two cells, thus leading to massive T-cell activation and the release of large amounts of cytokines

A

Superantigens

72
Q

immune responses that fail to

distinguish self from non-self

A

Autoimmune diseases

73
Q

defects in defensive immunological reactions manifested by recurring infections.

A

Immunodeficiency diseases

74
Q

immune responses that are exaggerated or inappropriate for protective function (e.g. fatal bee sting)

A

Hypersensitivity

75
Q

Antigen-antibody complexes deposit on the cell membrane and activate complement and an ensuing inflammatory response

A

Type III – Immune Complex-mediated Hypersensitivity

76
Q

Immunoglobulins directed against antigens on an individual’s cells cause complement lysis or destruction by killer cells

A

Type II – Antibody-mediated Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

77
Q

Antigen-sensitized T-cells release lymphokines after being re-exposed to the antigens. The lymphokines attract macrophages which in turn release mediators and induce an inflammatory reaction. (24-72 hours)

A

Type IV – Cell-mediated Hypersensitivity (delayed type hypersensitivity)

79
Q

IgE sensitized mast cells degranulate when re-exposed to an antigen

A

Type I – IgE-mediated Hypersensitivity (immediate hypersensitivity)

80
Q

a subset of cytokines that are produced by a type of immune cell known as a lymphocyte

A

Lymphokines

Microbiology (22 decks)

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