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Microbiology > Notes Module 1 (pt 1) > Flashcards

Notes Module 1 (pt 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Define Taxonomy

A

Science of biological classification; consists of classification, nomenclature, & identification

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2
Q

Define Classification

A

Arrangement of organisms into groups based on mutual similarity or evolutionary relatedness

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3
Q

Define Nomenclature

A

The assignment of names to taxonomic groups and members of groups

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4
Q

Define Identification

A

The process of determining that a particular organism or isolate belongs in a taxonomic classification; based on cellular characteristics such as chemical composition, morphology (appearance), biochemical activity, antigens

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5
Q

Define Eucaryotic Cell Type

A
  1. Has nuclear membrane
  2. Has multiple, linear chromosomes
  3. Replicates the cell through mitosis
  4. Produces energy in the mitochondria
  5. Has several specialized organelles (golgi appratus, endoplasmic reticulum, etc..)
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6
Q

Define Procaryotic Cell Type

A
  1. No nuclear membrane
  2. Has One, circular chromosome
  3. Replicates the cell through binary fission (membrane attachment)
  4. Produces energy on cytoplasmic membrane (no mitochondria)
  5. Has few specialized organelles (ribosomes)
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7
Q

Parasitic worms classification

A

Eucaryotic

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8
Q

Protozoa and algae classification

A

Eucaryotic

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9
Q

Fungi: molds and yeast classification

A

Eucaryotic

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10
Q

Bacteria classification

A

Procaryota (procaryotic)

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11
Q

Viruses classification

A

classified separately; do not fit into any official kingdom because they are not living organisms

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12
Q

Define the nomenclature, Genus

A

1) Classification level of common usage subdivision of Family
(2) Contains members with many similarities
(3) Written/spoken first; Underline if not italicized
(4) Example: Staphylococcus (underlined)

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13
Q

Define the nomenclature, Species

A

(1) Subdivision of genus
(2) Contains members having many similarities, but enough differences to be distinctly different
(3) Written/spoken last (after genus). Underline if not italicized
(4) When written as “species” or “spp.” it refers to several/all members of the genus
(5) Example: Staphylococcus aureus (both underlined) or Staphylococcus (underlined) spp.

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14
Q

Define the nomenclature for Strain and Variety

A

Subdivisions or alternate forms of species based on morphologic or biochemical differences

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15
Q

Define Antigen

A

A significant surface molecule against which antibodies are made and which can be used for identification.

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16
Q

A Procaryotic cell is a ___________

A

Single cell organism without formed nucleus (no nuclear membrane) or organelles such as possessed by higher organisms

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17
Q

The diameter of a procaryotic cell is

A

0.5 to 0.8 um, some up to 1.5 um

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18
Q

The length of a procaryotic cell is

A

1 to 6 um; most about 1 to 2 um

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19
Q

One micrometer (um) is _____ mm or _______ meter or _____ inch

A

1/1000mm; 1/1,000,000 meter; 1/25,400 inch

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20
Q

Define Morphology

A

The external appearance of the cell, colony, or other item.

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21
Q

Observation of cell is usually done after _____

A

Performing the Gram stain and observing at 1000 power magnification

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22
Q

Gram-positives are stained____

A

Blue to purple

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23
Q

Gram-negatives are stained_____

A

Pink to red

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24
Q

What is the composition of Endospores?

A

concentrated, dehydrated, densely packed nucleic acids and metabolic
proteins within a thick spore coat

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25
Q

What is the composition of Capsules?

A

Polysaccharides

26
Q

Describe Flagellum

A

Long slender threadlike appendage several times the length of the cell

27
Q

What is the composition of Flagellum?

A

Protein

28
Q

What are the functions of Flagellum?

A

(a) Motility – propel the bacterium; provide locomotion
(b) Moves toward a favorable environment and away from adverse ones

Types: Chemotaxis; Phototaxis

29
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus

30
Q

What is phototaxis?

A

movement of an organism in response to light

31
Q

How do Spirochetes move?

A

by means of axial filaments, bundles of fibrils arising at ends of cell beneath outer sheath and spiral around the cell – causes corkscrew motion

32
Q

Define Saprophyte

A

an organism which utilizes non-living organic matter

33
Q

Define Parasite

A

an organism which lives in or on a host organism from which it secures some advantage such as deriving organic nutrients from a living host

34
Q

Define Fastidious

A

organisms that have elaborate requirements for specific nutrients which they cannot synthesize, e.g. vitamins and other growth-promoting substances.

35
Q

Define Nutrient

A

a growth-supporting substance taken by a cell from its environment and used in metabolic activities, i.e. a food substance

36
Q

Define Growth Factors

A

various organic compounds such as hemin, specific amino acids, vitamins, etc. which fastidious organisms are unable to synthesize but with which they must be supplied; often results from the lack of genes for certain metabolic enzymes

37
Q

Define Cultivation (of bacteria)

A

the growth of particular microorganisms; usually under controlled
conditions, e.g. temperature, pH, nutrients

38
Q

What are the five environmental needs of bacteria?

A
  1. Oxygen utilization (with or without)
  2. Temperature
  3. pH
  4. Humidity
  5. CO2 (for some)
39
Q

Define Culture media

A

The material in/on which bacteria grows in the laboratory;

contains organic nutrients, water, and possibly other ingredients that help enrich for or select for certain types of bacteria.

May contain agar

40
Q

Define Agar

A

similar to gelatin; provides a “solid” surface support for growth

41
Q

What is cell generation time?

A

time for one cell to divide into two

42
Q

What is the cell generation time for growth on artificial culture media?

A

30 to 60 minutes for most; some 15 - 30 hours.

Rapidly growing bacteria can produce millions of cells in 18 - 24 hrs

43
Q

What is the colony formation time for growth on artificial culture media?

A

Forms colony in 15 to 48 hours for most; a few need several days or weeks

44
Q

What is a colony?

A

a clump of a few million identical bacteria originating from the same bacterium

45
Q

What are the usual characteristics of colonies?

A

usually 1 - 3 mm diameter; often smooth, shiny, and often with butter-like consistency

46
Q

What are examples of “Atypical” bacteria?

A

Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia

47
Q

What are the cell sizes of Atypical bacteria?

A

very small (0.1 to 0.3 um)

48
Q

Are all Atypical bacteria obligate intracellular parasites?

A

No, only some are obligate intracellular parasites

49
Q

What are the classifications of Fungi?

A

moulds and yeast

50
Q

What is the cell type of Fungi?

A

eucaryotic – possesses membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, etc.

51
Q

What is the cell morphology and structures of yeast?

A

(1) Single cell organism
(2) Oval or spherical shape
(3) Reproduce by budding new cells from existing cell or by spore formation
(4) Size: 4 to 15 um diameter
(5) Colony morphology: smooth, shiny similar to bacteria

52
Q

What is the cell morphology and structures of moulds?

A

(1) Hyphae – multicellular long filamentous cells that branch and intertwine
(2) Reproduce by forming spores on reproductive hyphae
(3) Size: Hyphae (individual cells): 2 to 15 um diameter; up to 30 um long Spores: 1 to 10 um
(4) Mycelium (pl.=mycelia) – visible mass of hyphae (i.e. colony); may be cottony, velvety, fluffy, or leathery and in various colors

53
Q

Define Hyphae

A

multicellular long filamentous cells that branch and intertwine

54
Q

Define Mycelium

A

visible mass of hyphae (i.e. colony); may be cottony, velvety, fluffy, or leathery and in various colors

55
Q

How does laboratory cultivation of fungi grow?

A

on artificial media similar to that used for bacteria; however, it usually contains antibiotics to inhibit bacteria during longer growth period

56
Q

Yeast colonies usually require______ days to grow

A

2 to 5 days

57
Q

Mould colonies usually require _______ days to grow

A

5 to 21 days

58
Q

Explain why the virus is an obligate intracellular parasite.

A

a. Obligate, intracellular parasite
(1) Takes control of the host cell
(2) Requires metabolic processes of living cell to reproduce virus

59
Q

What is the general size of a virus?

A

18 to 300 nm (0.018 to .3 um) [some up to 14,000 nm in length]

60
Q

What is a virion?

A

a complete, fully developed, individual virus particle (Animal Viruses)

61
Q

What is the composition of a capsid?

A

Protein

62
Q

What are the functions of a capsid?

A

i. Contain & protect the nucleic acid

ii. Proteins serve as antigens in infection and as a site for attachment

Microbiology (22 decks)

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