Test #1 - Class 1: Introduction to A&P, Directional and Regional terms Flashcards by Jeffrey Bolduc

Definition: Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body.

Anatomy or structure often defines physiology.

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Definition: Physiology

The study of the functioning of the human body.

Anatomy or structure often defines physiology.

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How many Levels of Organization?

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Chemical Level

Takes various atoms and combines them together to make molecules.

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Cellular Level

The combination of various molecules.

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Tissue Level

Combining similar cells together to perform a function for the body.

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Organ Level

Combination of two or more types of tissue together to perform a function for the body.

e.g. gall bladder, kidneys, heart

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System Level

Combination of organs together to perform a function for the body.

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Organism Level

The highest level of organization. The combination of all 11 organ systems working together to promote life.

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What are the 6 Levels of Organization?

Chemical; 2. Cellular; 3. Tissue; 4. Organ; 5. System; and 6. Organism

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How many Necessary Life Functions?

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What are the 8 Necessary Life Functions?

ESSAY QUESTION: BE ABLE TO LIST AND EXPLAIN THE 8 FUNCTIONS…

Maintaining Boundaries; 2. Movement; 3. Responsiveness; 4. Digestion; 5. Metabolism; 6. Excretion; 7. Reproduction; and 8. Growth

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Life Function: Maintaining Boundaries

We need to maintain a separation between the internal and external environment (skin).

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Life Function: Movement

Skeletal muscles create movement (locomotion).

e.g. blood, O2, CO2, urine, feces, sweat

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Life Function: Responsiveness

The body needs to be able to respond to a stimulus (nervous + endocrine).

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Life Function: Digestion

Taking the food we eat and breaking it down into a form that can be used by the body.

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Life Function: Metabolism

The sum of all cellular activity.

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Life Function: Excretion

The elimination of waste.

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Life Function: Reproduction

Survival of the species. Cells divide to produce daughter cells.

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Life Function: Growth

By using the food we eat, we need our cells to grow. Growth must outpace destruction to maintain life.

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Definition: Homeostasis

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal balance within certain physiological limits.

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Definition: Anatomical Position

Body standing erect, limbs extended, palms of the hands forward.

A universally agreed upon position of the human body which allows directional terms to be clear and consistent.

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Directional Term: Prone

Face down

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Directional Term: Supine

Face up

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Directional Term: Superior (cranial, caphalad or rostral)

Closer to the head or higher (head & torso only)

Directional Term: Inferior (caudal)

Closer to the feet or lower (head & torso only)

Directional Term: Ventral (anterior)

More in front. Anterior is preferred to ventral.

Directional Term: Dorsal (posterior)

More in back. Posterior is preferred to dorsal.

Directional Term: Medial

More toward median plane (midline, center).

Directional Term: Lateral

Further away form median plane (midline, center).

Directional Term: Intermediate

Between 2 structures.

Directional Term: Proximal

Closer to where it attaches to body (extremities or limbs only)

Directional Term: Distal

Further away form where it attaches to body (extremities or limbs only)

Directional Term: Superficial (external)

Closer to the surface of the body.

Directional Term: Deep (internal)

Further away form the surface of the body.

Directional Term: Ipsilateral

Same side (as reference point)

Directional Term: Contralateral

Opposite side (of reference point)

Regional Term: Head

Cephalic

Regional Term: Neck

Cervical

Regional Term: Shoulder

Acromial

Regional Term: Armpit

Axillary

Regional Term: Arm

Brachial

Regional Term: Elbow

Olecranal (posterior: cubital; anterior antecubital)

Regional Term: Wrist

Carpal

Regional Term: Palm

Palmar

Regional Term: Thumb

Pollex

Regional Term: Fingers

Digital/Phalanges

Regional Term: Chest

Thoracic

Regional Term: Stomach

Abdominal

Regional Term: Between navel and genitals

Pelvic

Regional Term: Groin

Inguinal

Regional Term: Low back

Lumbar

Regional Term: Buttocks

Gluteal

Regional Term: Thigh

Femoral

Regional Term: Knee (anterior)

Patellar

Regional Term: Knee (posterior)

Popliteal

Regional Term: Calf

Sural

Regional Term: Ankle

Tarsal

Regional Term: Heel

Calcaneal

Regional Term: Foot (bottom surface)

Plantar

Regional Term: Foot (Top surface)

Dorsal

Regional Term: Toes

Digital/Phalanges

Regional Term: Big Toe

Hallux

Regional Term: Arm, Forearm, Hand

Upper extremity (limb)

Regional Term: Thigh, Leg, Foot

Lower extremity (limb)

Plane: Sagittal (Median)

Divides left and right.

Plane: Frontal (Coronal)

Divides front and back.

Plane: Transverse (cross section)

Divides top and bottom.

Body Cavity: Dorsal

Back: Consists of cranial cavity and spinal cavity.

Body Cavity: Ventral

Front: Consists of thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

Body Cavity: Thoracic

Contains the Heart and Lungs

Body Cavity: Abdominal

Contains the Stomach, Intestines, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys and Gallbladder

Body Cavity: Pelvic

Contains the Urinary Bladder, part of the Large Intestine and internal Reproductive Organs

What are the four (4) most common elements in the human body?

1. Carbon; 2. Oxygen; 3. Hydrogen; and 4. Nitrogen | e. g. H2O, CO2

What is the smallest living part?

The cell.

How many types of tissue are there?

What are the 4 types of tissue?

1. Epithelial; 2. Connective; 3. Nervous; and 4. Muscle

How many organ systems are there?

What are the 11 organ systems?

KNOW 1 OR 2... 1. Integumentary (skin); 2. Skeletal (bones, joints, cartilage); 3. Muscular; 4. Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves); 5. Endocrine (hormones); 6. Cardiovascular (heart, blood, veins); 7. Lymphatic (lymph nodes); 8. Respiratory (lungs, nasal); 9. Digestive (oral, stomach, intestines); 10. Urinary (waste); and 11. Reproductive

Region: Face

Facial

Region: Jaw

Mandibular

Region: Upper Chest

Pectoral

Region: Shin

Crural

Region: Between lower back and buttock

Sacral

Region: Below shoulder; between spine and arm

Scapular

Region: Back of head (Crown)

Cranial

Region: Between neck and clavicle

Supraclavicular

Region: Back of hand

Dorsal (dorsum)

Region: Forearm

Antebriachial

Region: Hip

Coxal

Region: Side of leg

Fibular

Region: Foot

Pedal

Region: Hand

Manus

Region: Navel/Bellybutton

Umbillical

Region: Breastbone

Sternal

Region: Chin

Mental

Region: Forehead

Frontal

Region: Eye

Orbital

Region: Nose

Nasal

Region: Cheek

Buccal

Region: Mouth

Oral

Region: Genital

Pubic

Region: Spine

Vertebral

Region: Back of head (Base)

Occipital

Region: Upper arm (between shoulder and bicep)

Deltoid

Test #1 - Class 1: Introduction to A&P, Directional and Regional terms Flashcards

(105 cards)