Test #3 - Class 4: Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae and Ribs; Class 5: Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle/Upper Extremeity Flashcards
1
Q
How many vertebrae in the Vertebral Column?
A
26 vertebrae
2
Q
How many divisions in the Vertebral Column?
A
5 divisions
3
Q
What are the 5 divisions of the Vertebral Column?
A
- Cervical; 2. Thoracic; 3. Lumbar; 4. Sacrum; and 5. Coccyx
4
Q
How many vertebrae in the cervical division of the Vertebral Column?
A
7 vertebrae
5
Q
What are the 7 vertebrae of the cervical division named?
A
- C1 or Atlas; 2. C2 or Axis; 3-7: C3…C7
6
Q
Vertebral Column: Cervical
A
The smallest vertebrae. Allow greatest amount of movement. Spinous processes are “bifid” or forked for muscle attachments.
7
Q
Cervical Vertebrae: C1
A
Known as Atlas, has no body or spinous process. It is a ring of bone, so you can move your nod your head “yes”.
8
Q
Cervical Vertebrae: C2
A
Known as Axis, has a process called “dens” which is a finger-like projection of bone sticking straight up, so you can rotate your head side to side “no”.
9
Q
Why are cervical vertebrae small in size?
A
Because they don’t support a lot of weight.
10
Q
How many vertebrae in the thoracic division of the Vertebral Column?
A
12 vertebrae
11
Q
What are the 12 vertebrae of the thoracic division named?
A
1-12: T1…T12
12
Q
Vertebral Column: Thoracic
A
A little larger than cervical, supporting more weight. Less range of motion, because of rib attachments. Spinous processes tend to angle downward.
13
Q
How many vertebrae in the lumbar division of the Vertebral Column?
A
5 vertebrae
14
Q
What are the 5 vertebrae of the lumbar division named?
A
1-5: L1…L5
15
Q
Vertebral Column: Lumbar
A
Most of us have 5, some have 6! Bigger in size than vertebral. Largest in size in the vertebral column, supporting a lot of weight. More range of motion than thoracic, but less than C-spine (or cervical). Spinous processes are hatchet shaped; squared off like an ax.
16
Q
How many vertebrae in the sacral division of the Vertebral Column?
A
5 fused vertebrae
17
Q
How many vertebrae in the coccyx division of the Vertebral Column?
A
4 fused vertebrae
18
Q
Normal Curve of the Spine: Cervical
A
C-spine is posteriorly concave (curves inward)
19
Q
Normal Curve of the Spine: Thoracic
A
T-spine is posteriorly convex (curves outward)
20
Q
Normal Curve of the Spine: Lumbar
A
L-spine is posteriorly concave
21
Q
Normal Curve of the Spine: Sacrum & Coccyx
A
Sacrum and Coccyx are posteriorly convex
22
Q
How does the human spine achieve it’s S-shape?
A
In vitro, the whole spine is posteriorly convex. When the head is lifted the C-spine becomes concave. When the body stands, the L-spine becomes concave. The sacrum and coccyx remain convex because they are fused.
23
Q
How many pathological curves of the spine?
A
3 pathological curves of the spine
24
Q
What are the 3 pathological curves of the spine?
A
- Scoliosis; 2. Kyphosis; and 3. Lordosis
25
What is scoliosis?
Lateral curves of the vertebral column.
26
What is kyphosis?
Posterior convex curve, or exaggerated thoracic curve (e.g. humpback)
27
What is lordosis?
Posterior concave curve, or exaggerated lumbar curve (e.g. swayback or bubble butt)
28
What does structural pathology refer to?
"Born that way"
29
What does functional pathology refer to?
Occurs due to repetitive use or poor posture.
30
Typical Vertebrae: Body
Anteriorly located. Supports the weight. Roughened surface (to keep discs from slipping out).
31
Why is the surface of the body of the typical vertebrae roughened?
To keep discs from slipping out.
32
Typical Vertebrae: Vertebral Foramen
Hole for the spinal cord.
33
Typical Vertebrae: Intervertebral Foramen
Lateral hole which is created between adjacent vertebrae. Passageway for spinal nerves.
34
What does "inter" refer to?
Between
35
Typical Vertebrae: Transverse Process
(2) - Lateral projection off the vertebrae which serve as muscle and ligament attachment sites as well as rib attachments.
36
Typical Vertebrae: Spinous Process
(1) - Posterior projection off the vertebrae. Serves as a muscle and ligament attachment site.
37
Typical Vertebrae: Lamina Groove
Channel created between spinous and transverse processes. Muscles, tendons and ligaments are located here.
38
Typical Vertebrae: Articulating Facets
Flat surfaces on the vertebrae which meet up with the flat surfaces on the vertebrae above and below to form a joint.
39
What does "articulating" refer to?
Where bones come together and touch
40
What does "facet" refer to?
Flat surface of bone
41
Typical Vertebrae: Intervertebral Disc
A fibrocartilage pad sitting between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. They allow for movement and some shock absorbency.
42
How many regions within an Intervertebral Disc?
2 regions
43
What are the 2 regions within an Intervertebral Disc?
1. Nucleus pulposus; and 2. Annulus fibrosus.
44
Intervertebral Disc: Nucleus Pulposus
Soft, gel-like center made up of mostly water
45
Intervertebral Disc: Annulus Fibrosus
The outer region made up of a dense collection of collagen fibers.
46
How many pathological concerns (precautions for Massage Therapists) of the vertebral column?
4 pathological concerns (precautions for Massage Therapists)
47
What are the 4 pathological concerns (precautions for Massage Therapists) of the vertebral column?
1. Herniated disc (slipped, bulging); 2. Ruptured disc; 3. Nerve root impingement; and 4. Subluxation
48
What is a herniated disc (slipped, bulging)?
Occurs when nucleus pulposus pushes out into annulus fibrous.
49
What is a ruptured disc?
Occurs when the nucleus pulposus erupts through the annulus fibrosus.
50
What is nerve root impingement?
Compression of a spinal nerve due to soft tissue or bone.
51
What is subluxation?
Vertebrae out of alignment.
52
What bones make up the bony thorax?
1. Sternum; and 2. Ribs
53
How many regions of the sternum?
3 regions
54
What are the 3 regions of the sternum?
1. Manubrium; 2. Body; and 3. Xiphoid process
55
Sternum: Manubrium
Superior portion of the sternum.
56
Sternum: Body
Mid portion of the sternum.
57
Sternum: Xiphoid Process
Inferior portion of the sternum.
58
How many bones in the sternum?
1 bone
59
How many ribs?
12 pairs (or 24 total)
60
How many types of ribs?
3 types
61
What are the 3 types of ribs?
1. True ribs; 2. False ribs; and 3. Floating ribs
62
Ribs: True Ribs
Pairs 1-7: Directly attach to the sternum.
63
Ribs: False Ribs
Pairs 8-12: Don't attach directly to the sternum (8-10 attach via cartilage to rib 7, the last true rib)
64
Ribs: Floating Ribs
Pairs 11 and 12: Don't wrap all the way around; they "float" in the abdomen.
65
Where do ribs attach?
Not all ribs attach in the front, but all ribs attach in the back.
All ribs attach posteriorly to the vertebrae at the transverse process and body.
66
What does it mean to palpate?
To examine or explore by touching (an organ or area of the body), usually as a diagnostic aid.
67
What are the 3 skills involved in palpating?
1. Locating a structure; 2. Becoming Aware of its characteristics; and 3. Assessing its quality or condition
68
Palpation: Mastoid Process
Bone marking on the temporal bone posterior to the external auditory meatus
69
Palpation: External Occipital Protuberance
Bone marking on the posterior occipital bone Bump on the back of the skull
70
Palpation: External Auditory Meatus
Ear canal
71
Palpation: Mandibular condyle
Jaw bone; part of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) where i meats the mandiubular fossa on the temporal bone; anterior to the external auditory meatus
72
Palpation: Spinous process of C7
Flex head, last cervical vertebrae, T1 is fixed in location; C7 will fall away as head is lifted
73
Palpation: Spinous process of T7
Put hand behind back to emphasize the scapula; follow inferior angle medially to spine to locate T7
74
Palpation: Spinous process of L4
Locate iliac crest and follow posteriorly and medially to the spine to locate L4
75
Palpation: Spinous process of L5
Travel inferiorly 1 vertebra to locate L5
76
Palpation: Sacrum
Travel inferiorly 1 vertebra to locate the sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
77
What makes up the Appendicular Skeleton?
1. The Pectoral Girdle; 2. The Upper Extremities (Upper Limbs); 3. The Pelvic Girdle; and 4. The Lower Extremities (Lower Limbs)
78
How many bones make up the Pectoral Girdle?
4 bones
79
What are the 4 bones of the pectoral girdle?
1. Scapula (2); and 2. Clavicle (2)
80
How many bones in the Appendicular Skeleton?
126 bones
81
The pectoral girdle refers to what?
The Shoulder (collar bone/clavicle + shoulder blades/scapula)
82
How many bones in the upper extremity?
30 per limb (or 60 total)
83
Where does the Upper Extremity attach?
The clavicle
84
Does the scapula attach to the ribs?
No
85
Why does the upper extremity only attach at one point?
Greater range of motion
86
Where does the clavicle attach to the sternum?
The manubrium
87
What is the only bony attachment of the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton?
The clavicle attaches to the manubrium of the sternum.
88
How many bone markings on the scapula?
12 bone markings
89
What are the 12 bone markings of the scapula?
1. Spine; 2. Acromion; 3. Glenoid cavity (or fossa); 4. Medial border (or vertebral border); 5. Lateral border (or axillary border); 6. Superior border; 7. Inferior angle; 8. Superior angle; 9. Infraspinous fossa; 10. Supraspinous fossa; 11. Subscapular fossa; and 12. Coracoid process
90
Scapula: Spine
No muscle on top of it. Runs from the medial border to the acromion.
91
Scapula: Acromion
Most lateral edge of scapula is flat.
92
Scapula: Glenoid cavity (or Glenoid fossa)
A shallow depression on the lateral scapula that forms 1/2 of the shoulder joint.
93
Scapula: Medial border (or Vertebral border)
Runs superior to inferior angle
94
Scapula: Lateral border (or Axillary border)
Runs from inferior angle to glenoid cavity.
95
Scapula: Superior border
Runs from superior angle to glenoid cavity.
96
Scapula: Inferior angle
Lowest point/tip of scapula.
97
Scapula: Superior angle
Highest point/tip of scapula.
98
Scapula: Infraspinous fossa
Shallow depression below spine of scapula.
99
What does "infra" refer to?
Below
100
Scapula: Supraspinous fossa
Shallow depression "above" spine of scapula.
101
What does "supra" refer to?
Above
102
Scapula: Subscapular fossa
Shallow depression on the anterior scapula facing the ribs.
103
What does "sub" refer to?
Below
104
Scapula: Coracoid process (Bird's beak)
A pointy projection just along the underside of the clavicle.
105
What are the 60 bones of the Upper Extremity (UE)?
1. Humerus (2); 2. Ulna (2); 3. Radius (2); 4. Carpals (16); Metacarpals (10); Phalanges (28)
106
UE: Humerus
(2) - Brachial region (arm)
107
How many bone markings on the humerus?
8 bone markings
108
What are the 8 bone markings on the humerus?
1. Head; 2. Greater tubercle; 3. Lesser tubercle; 4. Bicipital groove; 5. Deltoid tuberosity; 6. Medial epicondyle; 7. Lateral epicondyle; 8. Lateral supracondylar ridge
109
Humerus: Head
Proximal rounded region covered with articular cartilage. Forms 1/2 of the shoulder joint.
110
Humerus: Greater tubercle
Proximal, lateral humerus. Has 3 facets just distal to the acromion.
111
Humerus: Lesser tubercle
Proximal, anterior humerus.
112
Humerus: Bicipital groove
Lies between the greater and lesser tubercles on the proximal humerus.
113
Humerus: Deltoid tuberosity
A roughened region on the lateral humerus about 1/2 way down.
114
Humerus: Medial and Lateral epicondyles
Distal end of humerus. They are the 2 prominent bumps felt on the distal medial and lateral humerus with fixed elbows.
115
What does "epi" refer to?
Above
116
Humerus: Lateral supracondylar ridge
A sharp ridge of bone which runs proximal from the lateral epicondyle to the deltoid tuberosity.
117
UE: Ulna
(2) - Medial forearm, larger bone
118
UE: Radius
(2) - Lateral forearm, smaller bone
119
UE: Ulna + Radius
Forearm
120
How many bone markings on the ulna?
2 bone markings
121
What are the 2 bone markings on the ulna?
1. Olecranon process; and 2. Styloid process
122
Ulna: Olecranon process
Elbow; located on the proximal posterior ulna
123
Ulna: Styloid process
The distal end of the ulna
124
How many bone markings on the radius?
3 bone markings
125
What are the 3 bone markings on the radius?
1. Head; 2. Radial tuberosity; and 3. Styloid process
126
Radius: Head
The proximal, disc-shaped region
127
Radius: Radial tuberosity
Proximal, medial radius (just distal to the head)
128
Radius: Styloid process
Very distal end of radius.
129
UE: Interosseus membrane
Holds the radius and ulna together and serves as an attachment site for muscles.
130
UE: Carpals
(16) - Wrist - 2 rows of bones (proximal and distal; lateral [thumb side] to medial)
131
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle
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Proximal:
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetral
Pisiform
```
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Distal:
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
```
132
UE: Metacarpals
(10) - Hand bones; numbered 1-5 thumb side first
133
UE: Phalanges
(28) - Digits; proximal, intermediate and distal phalanx
134
UE: How many major joints in the upper extremity?
3 major joints
135
What are the 3 major joints of the upper extremity?
1. Shoulder; 2. Elbow; and 3. Wrist
136
Shoulder joint:
Head of humerus + glenoid cavity of scapula.
137
Elbow joint:
Distal humerus + proximal ulna + proximal radius
138
Wrist joint:
Distal radius + scaphoid carpal + lunate carpal
