Test #4 - Class 6: The Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle/Lower Extremity; Class 7: Palpation of Upper and Lower Extremities Flashcards
1
Q
How many bones make up the Pelvic Girdle?
A
1 pair (2 bones)
2
Q
What are the 2 bones that make up the Pelvic Girdle?
A
(2) The coxal bones
3
Q
Each coxal bone is made up of how many regions?
A
3 fused regions
4
Q
What are the 3 fused regions of the coxal bone?
A
- Ilium; 2. Ischium; and 3. Pubis
5
Q
Describe the location of each region of the coxal bone.
A
- Ilium (superior and largest region); 2. Ischium (inferior & posterior region); and 3. Pubis (inferior and anterior region)
6
Q
How many bone markings on the coxal bone proper?
A
2 bone markings
7
Q
What are the 2 bone markings on the coxal bone proper?
A
- Acetabulum; and 2. Obturator foramen
8
Q
Coxal Bone Marking: Acetabulum
A
The region of the coxal bone where the ilium, ischium and pubis meet. It forms 1/2 of the hip joint. It’s on the lateral coxal bone.
9
Q
Coxal Bone Marking: Obturator foramen
A
Largest foramen in the body. It serves as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves heading to the lower extremity (LE).
10
Q
How many bone markings on the Ilium region of the coxal bone?
A
5 bone markings
11
Q
What are the 5 bone markings on the Ilium region of the coxal bone?
A
- Iliac crest; 2. Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS); 3. Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS); 4. Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS); and 5. Greater Sciatic Notch
12
Q
Ilium Bone Marking: Iliac Crest
A
Runs from the Anterior to the Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS to PSIS).
13
Q
Ilium Bone Marking: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
A
“Front bump”; Anterior projection on the iliam.
14
Q
Ilium Bone Marking: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
A
Inferior about 1” and slightly medial to the ASIS; in the crease when seated
15
Q
Ilium Bone Marking: Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
A
Posterior projection on the ilium. The posterior border of the iliac crest. Where the dimples on the back are located on some people.
16
Q
Ilium Bone Marking: Greater Sciatic Notch
A
On the posterior, inferior ilium.
17
Q
How many bone markings on the Ischium region of the coxal bone?
A
2 bone markings
18
Q
What are the 2 bone markings on the Ischium region of the coxal bone?
A
- Ischial Tuberosity; and 2. Ischial Spine
19
Q
Ischium Bone Marking: Ischial Tuberosity
A
A large roughened projection on the posterior, inferior ischium. Also known as the “sits” bone.
20
Q
Ischium Bone Marking: Ischial Spine
A
A sharp, pointy projection on the inferior aspect of the greater sciatic notch.
21
Q
How many bone markings on the Pubis region of the coxal bone?
A
2 bone markings
22
Q
What are the 2 bone markings on the Pubis region of the coxal bone?
A
- Superior ramus; and 2. Inferior ramus = Superior and Inferior Rami
23
Q
Pubis Bone Marking: Superior Ramus
A
An armlike section of bone on the superior, medial pubis.
24
Q
Pubis Bone Marking: Inferior Ramus
A
An armlike section of bone on the inferior, medial pubis.
25
What bones make up the Pelvic Bowl?
1. The 2 coxal bones; 2. the sacrum; and 3. the coccyx.
26
Are there differences between the male and female pelvis?
Yes
27
Pelvis Differences: Male
1. Larger, more prominent bone markings; 2. Iliac crest is higher; 3. Pelvic bowl is narrow and deep; 4. Ischial tuberosities are closer together; and 5. Coccyx points down or inward
28
Pelvis Differences: Female
1. Smaller and less prominent bone markings; 2. Iliac crest is lower; 3. Pelvic bowl is wider and shallow; 4. Ischial tuberosities are further apart; and 5. Coccyx points down or outward
29
How many major joints of the Pelvis?
3 major joints
30
What are the 3 major joints of the Pelvis?
1. Hip joint; 2. Sacroiliac joint (SI joint); and 3. Pubic symphysis
31
What makes up the hip joint?
Acetabulum of the coxal bone + head of the femur
32
What makes up the sacroiliac joint (SI joint)?
Ilium region of the coxal bone + sacrum of the vertebral column
33
What makes up the pubic symphysis?
Where the 2 pubis regions of the coxal bones meet
34
How many bones in the Lower Extremity (LE)?
30 pairs (or 60 total)
35
LE: Femur
(2) Thigh bone - Largest and strongest bone in the body
36
How many bone markings on the femur?
9 bone markings
37
What are the 9 bone markings on the femur?
1. Head; 2. Greater Trochanter; 3. Lesser Trochanter; 4. Linea aspera; 5. Gluteal tuberosity; 6. Medial epicondyle; 7. Lateral epicondyle; 8. Medial condyle; and 9. Lateral condyle
38
Femur: Head
Proximal region covered with articular cartilage forming 1/2 of the hip joint.
39
Femur: Greater Trochanter
Large projection on the proximal, lateral femur
40
Femur: Lesser Trochanter
Smaller projection on the proximal, medial femur
41
Femur: Linea aspera
Line running down the posterior femur.
42
Femur: Gluteal Tuberosity
The lateral line off the linea aspera at the proximal end. It also lies just distal and posterior to the greater trochanter. Lateral fork of linea aspera (proximal).
43
Femur: Medial epicondyle
Raised region above the medial condyle (which is in the knee joint)
44
Femur: Lateral epicondyle
Raised region above the lateral condyle (which is in the knee joint)
45
Femur: Medial condyle
Rounded projection on the distal, medial femur. Together with lateral condyle, forms 1/2 of the knee joint.
46
Femur: Lateral condyle
Rounded projection on the distal, lateral femur. Together with medial condyle, forms 1/2 of the knee joint.
47
LE: Tibia
(2) The larger of 2 bones in the leg. It is weight bearing.
48
How many bone markings on the Tibia?
4 bone markings
49
What are the 4 bone markings on the Tibia?
1. Medial condyle; 2. Lateral condyle; 3. Tibial Tuberosity; and 4. Medial malleolus
50
Tibia: Medial Condyle
Flat, smooth surface on the medial, proximal tibia. Together with the lateral condyle, forms 1/2 of the knee joint.
51
Tibia: Lateral Condyle
Flat, smooth surface on the lateral, proximal tibia. Together with the medial condyle, forms 1/2 of the knee joint.
52
Tibia: Tibial Tuberosity
A roughened or slightly raised area on the proximal, anterior tibia. Just below the patella.
53
Tibia: Medial Malleolus
Large projection on the distal, medial tibia. It is the medial ankle bone.
54
LE: Patella
(2) Kneecap - Largest sesamoid bone in the body.RE
55
What is the correct bone pairng that makes up the leg?
Tibia & Fibula
NOT: Tibula and Fibia
56
LE: Fibula
(2) Lateral side of leg. A thinner, more fragile bone which does not support weight.
57
How many bone markings on the fibula?
2 bone markings
58
What are the 2 bone markings on the fibula?
1. Head; and 2. Lateral malleolus
59
Fibula: Head
Proximal region of fibula
60
Fibula: Lateral malleolus
Distal region of fibula; lateral ankle bone
61
What lies between the tibia and fibula?
Interosseous membrane
62
How many tarsal bones in the ankle?
7 pairs (or 14 total)
63
What are the 7 tarsal bones?
1. Calcaneous; 2. Talus; 3. Navicular; 4. Medial cuneiform; 5. Intermediate cuneiform; 6. Later cuneiform; and 7. Cuboid
64
Tarsals: Calcaneous
Largest tarsal bone. It is the heel and lies posterior.
65
Tarsals: Talus
Anterior and medial
66
Tarsals: Navicular
Anterior and boat shaped
67
Tarsals: How many cuneiforms?
3 cuneiforms
68
Tarsals: What are the 3 cunieforms?
1. Medial; 2. Intermediate; and 3. Lateral cunieforms
69
Tarsals: Cuboid
Most lateral, anterior and cube shaped
70
Tarsals: Metatarsals
5 per foot (10 total) - Numbered 1 through 5 starting big-toe-side (hallux).
71
Tarsals: Phalanges (Digits)
14 per foot (28 total) - Same arrangement as hand bones (distal, middle and proximal)
72
How many major joints of the LE?
3 major joints
73
What are the 3 major joints of the LE?
1. Hip joint; 2. Knee joint; and 3. Ankle joint
74
What makes up the hip joint?
Acetabulum of the coxal bone + head of the femur
75
What makes up the knee joint?
Distal femur + proximal tibia + patella
76
What makes up the ankle joint?
Distal tibia + distal fibula + talus
77
Palpation: Spine of the Scapula
Run hands across the spine of the scapula that runs from the superior angle to the acromion
78
Palpation: Acromion
3-finger wide flat medial projection on the shoulder
79
Palpation: Medial border
Vertebral border that runs from inferior to superior angle
80
Palpation: Lateral border
Axillary border that runs from inferior angle to gleniod cavity (disappears into muscle near armpit)
81
Palpation: Inferior angle
Lowest tip of scapula (arm behind back)
82
Palpation: Superior angle
Highest tip of scapula (rounded under muscle near distal neck)
83
Palpation: Coracoid process
"Birds beak" distal to S-curve in the clavicle, massage in circular pattern to loosen muscle
84
Palpation: Greater tubercle
Step off the acromion onto the greater tubercle (lateral arm)
85
Palpation: Lesser tubercle
Smaller projection more medial and anterior to greater tubercle
86
Palpation: Bicipital groove
The depression between the greater and lesser tubercle (rotate arm to feel for it and press fingers in)
87
Palpation: Deltoid tuberosity
1/2 way between lateral epicondyle and head of humerus (where the deltoid attaches); lateral side of arm
88
Palpation: Medial epicondyle of the Humerus
WIth palms forward, medial (inside) bone projection distal end of humerus
89
Palpation: Lateral epicondyle of the Humerus
WIth palms forward, later (outside) bone projection distal end of humerus
90
Palpation: Lateral supracondylar ridge
Sharp Line from lateral epicondyle up to deltoid tuberosity on the the outside of the arm
91
Palpation: Olecranon process
Elbow, proximal ulna
92
Palpation: Styloid process of ulna
With palm forward it is the medial wrist bone, distal ulna, palpated easily on the posterior side
93
Palpation: Head of radius
Locate lateral epicondyle and slide distal to the head of radius (only bony projection) ring-shaped surface (rotate forearm to feel)
94
Palpation: Styloid process of radius
With palm forward it is the lateral wrist bone, distal radius, palpated easily on the lateral side
95
Palpation: Pisiform
Most medial proximal carpal
96
Palpation: Hamate
Distal to pisiform, diagonal to index finger; hamate has the "hook"
97
Palpation: Trapezium
Distal to scaphoid; proximal to 1st metacarpal
98
Palpation: Iliac crest
Higher on men, lower on women (tops of hip)
99
Palpation: ASIS
Anterior Superior "front bump" on the iliac crest
100
Palpation: PSIS
Posterior Superior "back dimples" of the iliac crest
101
Palpation: Ischial tuberosity
"Sits" bone (prone) men: midline and slightly medial; women: midline (L shaped hand, fingers in safety zone)
102
Palpation: Greater trochanter
Lateral hump of the femur (middle of iliac crest)
103
Palpation: Gluteal tuberosity
Partner on side with superior knee bent to table, locate greater trochanter. Work fingers, posterior and 1-2" distally to locate.
104
Palpation: Medial epicondyle of Femur
Partner seated, medial epicondyle is on the inside distal end of femur
105
Palpation: Lateral epicondyle of Femur
Partner seated, lateral epicondyle is on the outside distal end of femur
106
Palpation: Distinguish between the femoral condyles and tibial condyles
Anterior distal ends of femur and tibia (medial and lateral sides of patella)
107
Palpation: Tibial tuberosity
Distal to patella
108
Palpation: Medial malleolus of Tibia
Medial ankle bone
109
Palpation: Head of fibula
Lateral outside from tibial tuberosity
110
Palpation: Lateral malleolus of the fibula
Lateral ankle bone
111
Palpation: Calcaneus
Heel
112
Palpation: Base of the 5th metatarsal
Most lateral metatarsal, slide posterior to "hook"
113
Palpation: Medial Cuneiform
Most medial cuneiform; middle of arch from underneath
