Test 1- Part 2: Skeletal System Flashcards by Rose Adkins

How many bones are there?

206

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How many bones are part of the axial skeleton?

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How many bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?

126

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What are the 5 main functions of the skeleton?

Protects vital organs
Support to maintain posture
Movement
Mineral storage (calcium & phosphorus)
Hemopoiesis (performs blood cell formation in the red bone marrow)

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What are the 5 types of bones?

Long
Flat
Short
Irregular
Sesamoid

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These bones are small, cubical shaped, solid. They provide shock absorption

Short bones

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Give some examples of short bones:

Carpals

Tarsals

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These bones are long cylindrical shafts with wide protruding ends

Long bones

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Give some examples of long bones:

Phalanges
Tibia
Fibula
Femur
Humerus

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Give some examples of irregular bones:

Vertebra
Ischium
Pubis
Maxilla

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These bones usually have curved surfaces; they provide protection

Flat bones

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Give some examples of flat bones:

Ilium
Clavicle
Scapula
Ribs
Sternum

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Small bones that are imbedded w/in the tendon portion of the musculotendinous unit; they reduce pressure and provide a mechanical advantage

Sesamoid Bones

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Give some examples of sesamoid bones:

Patella

Toe/thumb

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What is the long cylindirical shaft part of the bone called?

Diaphysis

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What is the hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis called?

Cortex (compact)

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What is the dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis called?

Periosteum

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What is between the walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow?

Medullary (marrow) cavity

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The ends of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy) bone

Epiphysis

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The cartilage plate that separates diaphysis & epiphyses

Epiphyseal (growth) plate

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Covers the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

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Develops from hyaline cartilage; grow rapidly into bone shaped structures, later develop into long bones

Endochondral bones

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Cells that form new bone

Osteoblasts

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Cells that resorb old bone

Osteoclasts

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What are bones composed of?

Calcium caronate, calcium phosphate, collagen & water

Bone will adapt to the loads it is placed under

Wolff's law (football player example)

Property of bone that is low porosity, stiffer, withstands great stress, and is less strain

Cortical bone

Property of bone that is spongy, high porosity (30-90%) and can undergo greater strain before fracturing

Cancellous

What are the 3 types of Bone Markings?

1. Processes that form joints 2. Processes that serve as attachment sites for muscles, tendons, and ligaments 3. Cavitites

Includes elevations & projections; form joints

Processes - Condoyle - Facet - Head

Ridge of bone less prominent than a crest

Line

Prominent, narrow, ridge-like projection (iliac of pelvis)

Crest

Projection located on or above on or above a condoyle (medial or lateral condoyle of humerous)

Epicondyle

Any prominent projection

Process

Sharp, slender projection

Spine

Line of union between two bones

Suture

Very large projection

Trochanter

Means "a little swelling"; small rounded projection

Tubercle

Means "swelling"; large rounded or roughened projection

Tuberosity

Includes opening & grooves

Cavities

Connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces of bones

Articulation

What are the 3 major classifications according to structure & movement characteristics?

Synarthrodial Amphiarthrodial Diathrodial

Immovable joints

Synarthrodial

Slightly movable joints

Amphiarthrodial

Freely movable joints

Diathrodial

Ex. of synarthrodial joints:

Skull sutures, teeth in mandible

Why are syndesmosis joints only slightly movable?

Bones are united by strong ligaments and allow minimal movement between bones

Joint is united by fibrocartilage allowing slight movement between the bones

Symphysis

Joint is separated by hyaline cartilage and allow slight movement between bones

Synchrondrosis

Name some motions and examples of Arthrodial (gliding) joints:

M: Flexion, extension, rotation, abduction, adduction E: Intercarpals & intertarslas

This diarthrodial joint only allows movement in one plane. Give examples

Ginglymus (hinge) joint | Elbow, knee, ankle

What kind of motions does the trochoidal (pivot, screw) joint allow? examples?

``` Rotation, supination, pronation Antlatoaxial joint (ulna/radius) ```

Condyloid Joint:

Flexion, extension, abduction & adduction | One bone with an oval concave surface received by another bone with an oval convex surface

True ball & socket joints

Enarthrodial (hip & shoulder)

Sellar (saddle) joint

only found in thumbs

Used to measure amount of movement in a joint or measure a joint angles

Goniometer

Area through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly moved

Range of Motion

Lateral movement away from midline of trunk in lateral plane

Abduction

Movement medially toward midline of trunk in lateral plane

Adduction

Bending movement that results in a decrease of angle in joint by bringing bones together

Flexion

Straightening movement that results in an increase of angle in joint by moving bones apart

Extension

Circular movement of a limb that delineates an arc or describes a cone

Circumduction

Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone away from midline of body

External rotation

Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone toward midline of body

Internal rotation

Turning sole of foot outward or laterally

Eversion

Turning sole of foot inward or medially

Inversion

Superior movement of shoulder girdle

Elevation

Inferior movement of shoulder girdle

Depression

Forward movement of shoulder girdle away from spine

Protraction

Backward movement of shoulder girdle toward spine

Retraction

Movement of the humerus away from the body in the scapular plane.

Scaption

Movement of head and / or trunk laterally away from midline

Lateral flexion

Return of spinal column to anatomic position from lateral flexion

Reduction

Abduction movement at wrist of thumb side of hand toward forearm

Radial flexion

Adduction movement at wrist of little finger side of hand toward forearm

Ulnar flexion

Diagonal movement of thumb across palmar surface of hand to make contact with the hand and/or fingers

Oppostion on thumb

Diagonal movement of the thumb as it returns to the anatomical position from opposition with the hand and/or fingers

Reposition of thumb

A series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface

Roll (rock)

A specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface

Glide (slide)

A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface

Spin