Test 1- Part 3: Muscular System Flashcards by Rose Adkins

How much body weight do muscles make up?

40-50%

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What are muscle functions?

Joint movement
Dynamic stability of joints
Posture and support
Major producer of heat

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What are the four muscle tissue properties?

Irritability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

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Ability to return to shape after being contracted

Extensibility

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Sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, and mechanical stimuli

Irritability

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Ability to contract and develop tension against resistance when stimulated

Contractility

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Ability to return to original shape after stretching

Elasticity

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Example of muscle named after its shape:

Rhomboid

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Example of muscle named after its size:

Gluteus maximus

Teres minor

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Example of muscle named after its number of divisions:

Triceps brachii

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Example of muscle named after its direction of fibers:

External oblique

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Example of muscle named after its location:

Rectus femoris

Palmaris longus

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Example of muscle named after its points of attachment

Coracobrachialis

Extensor hallus longus

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Example of muscle named after its action:

Erector spinae

Supinator

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Example of muscle named after its action & shape:

Pronator quadratus

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Example of muscle named after its action & size:

Adductor magnus

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Example of muscle named after its shape & location:

Serratus (means “notched”) anterior

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Example of muscle named after its location & attachment:

Brachioradialis

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Example of muscle named after its location & number of divisions:

Biceps femoris

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FIbers arranged parallel to length of the muscle; produce greater ROM and endurance

Parallel

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Shorter fibers that are arranged obliquely to their tendon

Pennate

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Types of parallel muscles:

Flat
Fusiform
Strap
Spincter
Radiate

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Types of pennate muscles:

Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate

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Thin and broad originating from broad, fibrous, sheet like aponeurosis allowing force distribution. Give example

Flat

Rectus abdominus & external oblique

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Long muscle with uniform diameter throughout allowing force to be focused onto small bony targets. Give example:

Strap | Sartorius

Spindle-shaped with belly that tapers toward each end allowing force to be focused onto small bony targets. Give example:

Fusiform | Brachialis & brachioradialis

Fibers concentrically arranged around a body opening. Endless strap muscle to surround and close openings. Give example:

``` Spincter Orbicularis oris (surrounds mouth) ```

Similar to flat on one end and fusiform on the other end. Give example:

Radiate | Pectoralis major & trapezius

Fibers run obliquely from a tendon on one side only. Give example:

Unipennate | Biceps femoris & tibialis posterior

Several tendons w/ fibers running diagonally between them. Give example:

Multipennate | Deltoid

Fibers run obliquely on both sides from central tendon

Rectus femoris

Muscles located within or belonging to the part on which they act

Intrinsic

Muscles that arise or originate outside of the body part on which they act

Extrinsic

The distal attachment of a muscle

Insertion

Specific movement of a joint that results from a contraction of a muscle that crosses the joint

Action

Usually the proximal attachment of a muscle

Origin

Tough, flexible bands of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bones

Tendon

Central, fleshy portion of muscle

Gastor

* Tendinous expansion of dense fibrous connective tissue that is sheet like in appearance * Serves as fascia to bind muscles together or to bone

Aponeurosis

* Band of fibrous connective tissue that envelopes, seperates, or binds parts of the body (muscles, organs, etc) * Some joints have a fascia that form retinaculum to retain tendons close to the body

Fascia

What are the 3 muscle contractions?

``` Isometric Isontonic - Concentric - Eccentric Isokinetic ```

Tension develops as muscle shortens, causes movement against gravity

Concentric contraction

Maintains static or stable position; joint angle remains constant

Isometric contraction

Lengthens while maintaining tension; resistance overcomes force (negative)

Eccentric

Means "same speed"; uses concentric & eccentric muscle actions (dynamic)

Isokinetic contraction

What are the 5 roles of muscles?

``` Agonist Antagonist Stabilizers Synergists Neutralizers ```

Have the opposite concentric actions as agonists. Opposite side of joint

Antagonist

Surrounds joint or body part. Contracts to fixate or stabilize an area to allow another limb to exert force

Stabilizer

Any muscle that causes a specific joint motion.

Agonist | Prime movers & assisters

Neutralize unwanted motion in muscles that have multiple functions

Neutralizers

Muscles that assist in the action of an agonist but are not prime movers

Synergist

What are some determination of muscle actions?

``` Lines of pull Dissection Palpation Models EMG Electrical stimulation ```

Combines a knowledge of the joint's functional design and the location of musculotendinous units

Lines of pull

What two systems work together resulting in all voluntary movement?

Muscular & nervous system

What are the 5 major parts of the central nervous system (CNS)?

``` Cerebral cortex Basal ganglia Cerebellum Brain stem Spinal cord ```

This CNS part controls maintenance of posture, equilibrium, and learned movements (walking, bike, driving).

Basal ganglia

This CNS part is the highest level of control and is where the creation of voluntary movement starts but not specific muscle activity

Cerebral cortex

This CNS part is the major integrator of sensory impulses and providing feedback

Cerebellum

This CNS part controls balance and rhythmic activities

Basal ganglia

This CNS part integrates all central nervous system activity through excitation and inhibition of neuromusclular actions

Brain stem

This CNS part is the common pathway between CNS and PNS

Spinal cord

This CNS part controls timing and intensity of contraction, assists in refinement

Cerebellum

This CNS part functions in maintaining a wakeful state

Brain stem

All the remaining nerves make up

Peripheral nervous system

This PNS division goes down (efferent) from the CNS to the muscles

Motor (Myotomes)

This PNS division goes up (afferent) from the receptors to the CNS

Sensory (Dermatomes)

Internal receptors located in the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons

Proprioceptors

This proprioception part is located in the muscle belly between fibers. Sensitive to stretch and rate of stretch (reflexes & balances)

Muscle spindle

This prevents your muscles from bursting. (tells/makes you stop when lifting too heavy)

Golgi tendon organ

Responds to changes in joint angles. Located arount joint capsules, ligaments, tendon, and beneath skin

Pacinian corpuscles

Located in deep layers of skin and joint capsules. Activated by strong and sudden joint movements as well as pressure changes

Ruffini's corpuscles

Single muscle neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Motor unit

Muscles will contract maximally or NOT AT ALL; amount of force depends on # of fibers recruited

All or none principle

Developed when muscle is stretched beyond resting length

Passive tension

Dependent on # of motor units and their respective muscle fibers recruited

Active tension

Max tension depends on the length of muscle during contraction

Muscle length-tension relationship

Rate of length change is related to amount of force production

Muscle force-velocity relationship

Cross and act on only one joint

Unilarticular

* Muscles that cross and act on two different joints * May cause actions at one or both joints when contracted * May shorten at one joint and lengthen at another

Biarticular

* Concurrent: squat to stand; hip and knee both extending | * Counterconcurrent: kicking a ball; hip flexes and knee extends

Concurrent vs. countercurrent

When agonist contracts, antagonist muscle groups must relax and lengthen

Reciprocal inhibition