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KIN245 > Test 2- Part 1: Biomechanics > Flashcards

Test 2- Part 1: Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Study of physical actions of forces

A

Mechanics

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2
Q

What two systems are mechanics divided into?

A

Statics & Dynamics

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3
Q

Study of systems that are in a constant state of motion, whether at rest w/ no motion or moving at a constant velocity w/out acceleration

A

Statics

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4
Q

Study of systems in motion with acceleration

A

Dynamics

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5
Q

This involves all forces acting on the body being in balance resulting in the body being in equilibrium

A

Statics

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6
Q

Description of motion and includes consideration of time, displacement, velocity, accleration, and space factors of a system’s motion

A

Kinematics

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7
Q

Study of forces associated w/ the motion of the body

A

Kinetics

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8
Q

Load/effort =

A

Mechanical advantage

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9
Q

Using relatively small force (of effort) to move a much greater resistance

A

Mechanical advantage

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10
Q

Used to increase mechanical advantage

A

Machines

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11
Q

What are the four ways in which machines function?

A
  1. Balance multiple forces
  2. Enhances force in an attempt to reduce total force needed to overcome a resistance
  3. Enhance ROM & speed of movement so that resistance may be moved further or faster than applied force
  4. Alter resulting direction of the applied force
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12
Q

The musculoskeletel system provides 3 types of machines, what are they?

A

Levers (most common)
Wheel-Axis
Pulleys

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13
Q

Which machines are not found in the body?

A

Inclined plane
Screw
Wedge

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14
Q

A rigid bar that turns about an axis of rotation or a fulcrum

A

Lever

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15
Q

Point of rotation about which lever moves

A

Axis

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16
Q

In an arm, what represents the bars, axes, and applied force of a lever?

A

Bicep- force
Joint- axis
Bones- bars

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17
Q

All levers consist of what?

A

Axis (fulcrum)
Force (effort)
Load (resistance)

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18
Q

Axis between force &/or resistance

A

1st class lever

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19
Q

A F R

A

3rd class lever

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20
Q

A R F

A

2nd class lever

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21
Q

First class levers produce:

A

Balanced movements
Speed & ROM
Source motion

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22
Q

When does a first class lever produce speed & ROM?

A

When the axis is close to force (triceps in elbow extension)

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23
Q

When does first class levers produce source motion?

A

When axis is close to resistance (crowbar)

24
Q

Where is force applied?

A

Where muscle inserts in bone (NOT BELLY OF MUSCLE)

25
Produces force movements, since a large resistance can be moved by a relatively small force
Second class levers
26
What are some examples of SCL?
Wheelbarrow Nutcracker Loosening a lug nut Raising body on toes
27
Produces speed & ROM movements; the most common in humans. Requires a great deal of force to move even a small resistance
Third class levers (shoveling)
28
The turning effect of an eccentric force (moment of force)
Torque
29
Force applied off center or in a direction not in line with the center of rotation of an object w/ a fixed axis. Must occur for rotation to occur
Eccentric force
30
Equation for torque
Force x Force Arm = torque
31
Perpendicular distance between location of force application & axis AKA?
Force arm Moment arm & torque arm
32
How can you increase torque to help more easily move a relatively large resistance?
Increase force arm length
33
Distance between the axis and the point of resistance application
Resistance arm
34
Longer the force arm, the _______ ________ required to move the lever if the resistance & resistance arm stay constant
Less force
35
Shortening the resistance arm allows a __________ ____________ to be moved if force and force arm remain constant
Greater resistance
36
There is an inverse relationship between _______________________ and a proportional relationship between ______________________.
Length of the two lever arms | Force components & resistance components
37
Greater resistance or resistance arm requires what?
Greater force or a longer force arm
38
In a FCL, if the axis is right in the middle of the force arm and resistance arm, how much weight is needed to balance it?
An equal force
39
In a FCL, if the force arm becomes longer __ _____________ ________ of force is required to move a relatively larger resistance
A Decreasing amount
40
As the force arm becomes shorter, __ _____________ _________ of force is required to move a relatively smaller resistance
An increasing amount
41
In SCL, placing the reistance halfway between the axis & the point of force application provides a MA of:
2
42
In a SCL, what happens if you are to move the resistance closer to the axis?
The MA increases, but decreases the distance that the resistance is moved
43
In a SCL, what happens if you are to move the resistance closer to the force?
The less of a MA, but the greater the distance it is moved
44
In a TCL, a force greater than the resistance....
is ALWAYS required due to the resistance arm always being longer
45
In a TCL, what happens when the force application is closer to the axis?
There is an increase in the ROM & speed
46
In a TCL, what happens when when the force application is closer to the resistance?
It decreases the force that is needed
47
What do short fore arms & long resistance arms require in order to produce movement?
Great muscular force
48
The longer a lever is, the more effective it is in imparting __________
Velocity
49
For ______________, it is more desirable to have a short lever arm.
Quickness
50
Used primarily to enhance ROM & speed of movement in the musculoskeletal system
Wheel and axles
51
The center of the wheel & the axle both correspond to the ________
Fulcrum (axis)
52
If the wheel radius is __________ than the radius of the axle, then, due to the longer force arm, the wheel has a ____________ ______________ over the axis
Greater | Mechanical advantage
53
If application of force is reversed and applied to the axle, then the mechanical advantage results from the wheel turning a _________________________
Greater distance & speed
54
Function to chance effective direction of force application
Single pulleys
55
Lateral malleolus. As peroneus longus contracts, it pulls toward it's bell (toward the knee). Using the lateral malleolus as a pulley, force is transmitted to plantar aspect of foot resulting in eversion/plantarflexion
Pulley example

KIN245 (14 decks)

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